Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Savaş, Sanayi ve Borç: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Yükselişi ve Avrupa’nın Ekonomik Gerileyişi (1916–1919)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 151 - 164, 31.12.2025

Öz

Birinci Dünya Savaşı, yalnızca siyasal dengeleri değil, aynı zamanda küresel ekonomik düzenin temel yapılarını da derinden dönüştürmüştür. 1916–1919 yılları arasında Avrupa devletleri, üretim kapasitelerinin tükenmesi, enflasyonist baskılar ve ağır borç yükleri nedeniyle ciddi bir ekonomik çöküş yaşamıştır. Kömür, demir ve çelik gibi stratejik hammaddelerde yüzde 50’yi aşan kayıplar, savaş sonrası yeniden yapılanmanın karşı karşıya kalacağı zorlukları önceden haber verirken; para arzındaki genişleme ve gıda kıtlığı yaşam standartlarını ciddi biçimde geriletmiştir. Buna karşılık Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, kitlesel üretim, standartlaşma ve güçlü mali kapasitesi sayesinde savaşın ekonomik kazananı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Handley Page Memorandumu gibi somut örnekler, Avrupa sanayisinin Amerikan desteği olmaksızın sürdürülebilirliğini yitirdiğini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Avrupa’nın borçlu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin ise alacaklı bir konuma geçmesi; New York’un Londra’nın yerini alarak dünyanın finans merkezi hâline gelmesinin ve doların küresel rezerv para olarak yükselişinin önünü açmıştır. Bu yönüyle 1916–1919 dönemi, yalnızca savaşın mali sonuçlarını değil, aynı zamanda günümüz küresel ekonomik sisteminin oluşumunda belirleyici bir eşik noktayı temsil etmektedir. Söz konusu dönem, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkileri uzun yıllar boyunca şekillendirecek olan Amerikan sanayi pratikleri, mali üstünlüğü ve kurumsal etkisinin belirginleştiği yeni bir dünya ekonomisinin başlangıcını işaret etmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Air Service Activities with the French, British, and Italians, Development of the Handley-Page Program in England. (1918). U.S. National Archives.
  • Barbieri, K. (2003). Economic interdependence and the First World War. In J. Brauer & H. van Tuyll (Eds.), The economics of war. Cambridge University Press.
  • Broadberry, S., & Harrison, M. (Eds.). (2005). The economics of the Great War: A centennial perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dosenrode, S. (Ed.). (2018). World War I: The Great War and its impact. Aalborg University Press. (Studies in History, Archives and Cultural Heritage; 10)
  • Ebeling, R. M. (2008). The lasting legacies of World War I: Big government, paper money and inflation. Economic Education Bulletin, 48(11), 1–8.
  • Floud, R., & Johnson, P. (2003). The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hardach, G. (1987). The First World War 1914–1918. University of California Press.
  • Harrison, M., & Broadberry, S. (2005). The economics of World War I: A comparative quantitative analysis. University of Warwick, Department of Economics Working Paper.
  • Hounshell, D. A. (1984). From the American system to mass production, 1800–1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Jong, H. de, & Nikolić, M. (2018). Neutral economies during World War I. In S. Broadberry & M. Harrison (Eds.), The economics of the Great War: A centennial perspective. CEPR Press.
  • Kalaycı, İ. (2018). An analysis on economic front of World War I at the 100th anniversary of its finish. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 54(2), 179–210.
  • Kennedy, P. (1987). The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1973). The world in depression, 1929–1939. University of California Press.
  • Landes, D. S. (1969). The unbound Prometheus: Technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2005). The Ottoman economy in World War I. In S. Broadberry & M. Harrison (Eds.), The economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rockoff, H. (2004). Until it’s over, over there: The U.S. economy in World War I (NBER Working Paper No. 10580). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Broadberry, S., & Harrison, M. (Eds.). (2005). The economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Strachan, H. (2005). The First World War. Viking Penguin.
  • Tooze, A. (2014). The deluge: The Great War and the remaking of global order, 1916–1931. Viking.
  • United States Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). World economic and social survey 2017: Reflecting on seventy years of development policy (Chapter 2: The global economy and development finance). United Nations.
  • U.S. State Department Records, German Peace Treaty. (1920). U.S. WWI – State Department Records, 1914–1929. U.S. National Archives, p. 9.

War, Industry, and Debt: The United States’ Rise and Europe’s Economic Decline (1916–1919)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 151 - 164, 31.12.2025

Öz

The First World War profoundly reshaped not only political balances but also the foundations of global economic order. Between 1916 and 1919, European states suffered economic collapse due to depleted production capacities, inflationary pressures, and overwhelming debt burdens. Losses exceeding 50 percent in strategic raw materials such as coal, iron, and steel foreshadowed the difficulties of postwar reconstruction, while monetary expansion and food shortages drastically undermined living standards. In contrast, the United States emerged as the economic victor through mass production, standardization, and strong financial capacity. Concrete examples such as the Handley Page Memorandum illustrate that European industry had become unsustainable without American support. The shift of Europe into a debtor position and the U.S. into a creditor position paved the way for New York to replace London as the world’s financial hub and for the dollar’s rise as the global reserve currency. Thus, the years 1916–1919 represent not only the fiscal aftermath of the war but also a decisive threshold in the formation of today’s global economic system. It marked the beginning of a world economy increasingly shaped by American industrial practices, financial dominance, and institutional influence—developments that would define international economic relations for decades to come.

Kaynakça

  • Air Service Activities with the French, British, and Italians, Development of the Handley-Page Program in England. (1918). U.S. National Archives.
  • Barbieri, K. (2003). Economic interdependence and the First World War. In J. Brauer & H. van Tuyll (Eds.), The economics of war. Cambridge University Press.
  • Broadberry, S., & Harrison, M. (Eds.). (2005). The economics of the Great War: A centennial perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Dosenrode, S. (Ed.). (2018). World War I: The Great War and its impact. Aalborg University Press. (Studies in History, Archives and Cultural Heritage; 10)
  • Ebeling, R. M. (2008). The lasting legacies of World War I: Big government, paper money and inflation. Economic Education Bulletin, 48(11), 1–8.
  • Floud, R., & Johnson, P. (2003). The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hardach, G. (1987). The First World War 1914–1918. University of California Press.
  • Harrison, M., & Broadberry, S. (2005). The economics of World War I: A comparative quantitative analysis. University of Warwick, Department of Economics Working Paper.
  • Hounshell, D. A. (1984). From the American system to mass production, 1800–1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Jong, H. de, & Nikolić, M. (2018). Neutral economies during World War I. In S. Broadberry & M. Harrison (Eds.), The economics of the Great War: A centennial perspective. CEPR Press.
  • Kalaycı, İ. (2018). An analysis on economic front of World War I at the 100th anniversary of its finish. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 54(2), 179–210.
  • Kennedy, P. (1987). The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1973). The world in depression, 1929–1939. University of California Press.
  • Landes, D. S. (1969). The unbound Prometheus: Technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2005). The Ottoman economy in World War I. In S. Broadberry & M. Harrison (Eds.), The economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rockoff, H. (2004). Until it’s over, over there: The U.S. economy in World War I (NBER Working Paper No. 10580). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Broadberry, S., & Harrison, M. (Eds.). (2005). The economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Strachan, H. (2005). The First World War. Viking Penguin.
  • Tooze, A. (2014). The deluge: The Great War and the remaking of global order, 1916–1931. Viking.
  • United States Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). World economic and social survey 2017: Reflecting on seventy years of development policy (Chapter 2: The global economy and development finance). United Nations.
  • U.S. State Department Records, German Peace Treaty. (1920). U.S. WWI – State Department Records, 1914–1929. U.S. National Archives, p. 9.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tugce Kaya Kisić 0000-0001-8423-7547

Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya Kisić, T. (2025). War, Industry, and Debt: The United States’ Rise and Europe’s Economic Decline (1916–1919). Yönetim, Ekonomi ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 151-164.