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The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis and New Media

Year 2017, Issue: 2, 1 - 14, 01.09.2017

Abstract

The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis, which emerged in 1970 explains the failure of the mass media to equally inform every segment of the society mainly through on the written press. Later studies have revealed that the Radio is also open the gap, but there have been very few studies that have come to the conclusion that television has caused knowledge gap through segments of the society. Although the first studies revealed that the Internet news sites, social media, etc. and new communication technologies have increased the information-news-knowledge gaps recent studies have found that the Internet and new communication technologies have reduced these gaps. This study includes the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis and the work done in this regard. As a result of the studies that have been conducted, studies conducted especially in recent years have reached to the result that New Media has been reducing the gaps through segments of the society. On the other hand, the knowledge gaps continue to exist according to the subject, time, and media among the segments of society

References

  • Akar, E. (2010).Sosyal Medya Pazarlaması (Sosyal Web’de Pazarlama Stratejileri).Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi, 17.
  • Aydın, O.Ş. (2011). “Teknoloji, Haber, Nesnellik- Yeni Medya Üzerine Tartışma Notları”, İletişim ve Teknoloji: Olanaklar, Uygulamalar, Sınırlar. Ed. Zeliha Hepkon, Ankara: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi., 103-120.
  • Aymerich-Frank, C. (2014). “Çevrimiçi Finansal Habercilikte Sosyal Medyanın Benimsenmesi”, Sosyal Medya Devrimi, (Çev. Akın Emre Pilgir), Haz. Barış Çoban, İstanbul: Su yayınevi., 233-246.
  • Bas, O., M. E. Grabe.(2013). Emotion-Provoking Personalization of News: Informing Citizens and Closing the Knowledge Gap, Communication Research 201X, Vol.XX(X), Sage, 1 –27.
  • Binark, M., Löker, K. (2011). ̇ Sivil Toplum Örgütleri İçin Bilişim Rehberi. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi, 9.
  • Binark, M., (2007). Yeni Medya Çalışmaları. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 21.
  • Bonfadelli, H. (2002). “The Internet and Knowledge Gaps, A Theorical and Emprical Investigation”, European Journal of Communication, Sage Publication, 17(1), 65-84.
  • Bonfadelli, H. (2003) “Online Communication: Putting the Knowledge Gap Theory into Perspective”, Communication Research and Media Science in Europe, S. Angela, William Campbell, Michael Schenk Walter de Gruyter (Eds). Copyright 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785, Berlin, 1 january 2002, p.291-297, Web:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id =rBWOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Viswanath,+K.,+Breen,+N.,+Meissner,+H.,+Mo ser,+R.+P.,+Hesse,+B.,+Steele,+W.+R.,+et+al.+(2006).+Cancer+knowledge+and+disparities+in+ the+information+age.+Journal+of+Health+Communication,+11,&source=bl&ots=5BXd3bL8K& sig=BWOlZUph_LTX1bCZa4_z2j4ck&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=OeFpVNlrouHLA6vcgKgP&ved=0CCwQ6AE wAw#v=onepage&q&f=false, Erişim Tarihi:10 Mart 2017.
  • Brantgarde, L. (1983). “The Information Gap and Municipal Politics in Sweden”, Communication Research, 10(3), 357-373.
  • Cacciatore, M. A., D. A. Scheufele, E. A. Corley, (2012, June). Another (methodological) look at knowledge gaps and the Internet’s potential for closing them. Public Understanding of Science, 23(4), 376-395.
  • Chenn, X. (2013). “The Influence of Social Media Use on Knowledge Gaps About Science and Technology Among Chinese Audiences, Master of Scinece”, Journalism and Mass Communication, Iowa State University Ames.
  • Dimitrova, D. V., A. Shehata, J. Strömbäck, and L. W. Nord. (2014). “The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data”, Communication Research, 2014, 41(1), (originally published online 2 November 2011), 95–118,.
  • Dilmen, N. E. (Ocak, 2007).”Yeni Medya Kavramı Çerçevesinde İnternet Günlükleri-Bloglar ve ̇ Gazeteciliğe Yansımaları”, Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 12, 113-122.
  • Donohue, George A., C. N. Olien, and P. J. Tichenor. (1987). “Media access and Knowledge Gaps”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 4, 87-92.
  • Donohue, George A., J. T. Phillip and N. O. Clarice. (1975, Jan). “Mass Media and The Knowledge Gap: A Hypothesis Reconsidered”, Communication Research, 2(1), 3-23.
  • Ettema, James S., F. G. Kline. (1977 April ). Deficits, Differences, and Ceiling: Contingent Conditions for Understanding the Knowledge Gap. Communication Research, 4(2), 179-199.
  • Eveland, W. P., D. A. Scheufele. (2000) “Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation”. Political Communication, 17(3), 215–237.
  • Gaziano, C., (2014). Components of the Belief Gap: Ideology and Education. Sage Open, 4 (1), 1–18
  • Genova, B.K.L., B. S. Greenberg. (1979). “Interests in News and The Knowledge Gap”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 43 (1), 79-91.
  • Geray, H. (2003). İletişim ve Teknoloji. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi, 18.
  • Gibson, Rachel K., I. McAllister (June 2014) “New media, elections and the political knowledge gap in Australia”, Journal of Sociology Web: http://jos.sagepub.com/content/ early/2014/05/06/1440783314532173.full.pdf+html, Erişim Tarihi:25 Nisan2017.
  • Hargittai, E., A. Hinnant. (2008). “Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet”, Communication Research, 35(5), 602-62.
  • Hindman, D.B. (2012) “Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps and Public Opinion about Health Care Reform”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(4), 585–605.
  • http://webrazzi.com/2013/10/07/twitterin-internet-kullanicilari-arasinda-en-yayginoldugu-ulke-turkiye/, 17 Mayıs 2017’de alınmıştır. Jeffres, Leo W., N. Kimberly and J. A. David. (2012, March). “Acquiring Knowledge From the Media in the Internet Age”. Communication Quarterly, 60 (1), January-March, 59-79.
  • Jerit, J., (2009). “Understanding the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Experts and Journalist”, The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 442–45
  • Karabulut, N. (2009). Yeni Medya Teknolojileri ve Halkla İlişkiler. İstanbul: Beykoz Lojistik Meslek Yüksekokulu Yayınları, 89.
  • Kwak, N. (1999). “Revisitig the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Education, Motivation, Media Use”. Communication Research, 26(4), 1999, 385-413.
  • Lee, C. (2009). “The Role of Internet Engagement in the Health- Knowledge Gap”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(3), 365–382.
  • Martin, J. A. (2013). “Closing Gaps in International Knowledge and Participation: News Attention, Online Expression, and the 2010 Haiti Earthquake”. Mass Communication and Society,16(3), 417–440.
  • Mcleod, D. M., E. M. Perse. (1994). “Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Public Affairs Knowledge”. Journalism Quarterly,71(2), 433-432
  • Miyo, Y. (1983, May) “Knowledge-Gap Hypothesis and Media Dependency”. Paper presented to the international communication association, Texas, Dallas, 626-650.
  • Özçağlayan, M. (1998). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri ve Değişimi. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 146.
  • Özgen, E. (2011). “Halkla İlişkiler ve Yeni Medyanın İşaret Ettiği Sorunlar Üzerine Bir Tartışma”. Global Media Journal, 2, 81-102.
  • Özutku, F., H. Çopur, İ. Sığın, K. İlter, M. M. Küçükyılmaz, Y. Arı. (2014). Sosyal Medyanın ABC’si. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım, 41.
  • Pavlik, J. V. (2001). Yeni Medya ve Gazetecilik. (Çev. M. Demir ve B. Kalsın). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi. (Eserin orjinali 2001’de yayımlandı), 28-33.
  • Prior, M. (2005). “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout”. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577–592.
  • Kim, S. (2008). “Testing the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional News Media, tthe Internet, and Political Learnin”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 193-210.
  • Severin, J. W.,W. J. Tankard. (1994). İletişim Kuramları. (Çev. A. A. Bir, S. Sever) Üçüncü Baskı.
  • Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Kible Sanat Merkezi Yayını., (Eserin orjinali 1988’de yayımlandı), 409.
  • Shim, M. (2008). “Connecting Internet Use with Gaps in Cancer Knowledge”, Health Communication, 23(5), 448-461.
  • Şeker, T. B. (2005). İnternet ve Bilgi Açığı. Konya: Çizgi Yayınları, 16.
  • Tichenor, P. J., A. D. George, C. N. Olien. (1970). “Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159-170.
  • Törenli, N. (2005). Yeni Medya, Yeni İletişim Ortamı. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat, 83.
  • UCDP. (2011). Timeline Arab Spring, Web: (http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/info/ chronologic%20timeline%20arabian%20spring.pdf). Erişim Tarihi:04 Mayıs 2017.
  • Dijk, J. V. , Hacker, K. (2003) The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon ̇ . The Information Society, 19 (4). pp. 315-326. ISSN 0197-2243.
  • Viswanath, Kasisomayajula, G. M. Kosicki, E. S. Fredin, E. Park (2000). “Local Community Ties, Comunity-Boundedness, and Local Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps”. Communication Research, 27(1), 27-50.
  • Wang, K. Y., D. J. Atkin, T. Lau. (2014). Media Versus Individual Frames and Horizontal Knowledge Gaps: A Study of the 2010 Health Care Reform Debate Online. Electronic News, 8(1), 30-48.
  • Wei, L., D. B. Hindman. (2011) . “The Digital Divide Matter More? Comparing the Effects of New Media and Old Media Use on the Education-Based Knowledge Gap”, Mass Communication and Society, 1 (2), 216-235.
  • Yang, J., M. E. Grabe. (2011). “Knowledge Acquisition Gaps: A Comparison of Print Versus Online News Sources”. News Mesia & Society, sage, 13(8), 1211–1227.
  • Yaylagül, L. (2013). Kitle İletişim Kuramları: Egemen ve Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar. Beşinci Baskı. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 85.
  • Yi-Fan Su, L., M. A. Cacciatore, D. A. Scheufele, D. Brossard, M. A. Xenos. (2014). “Inequalities in Scientific Understanding: Differentiating Between Factual and Perceived Knowledge Gap”. Science Communication, 36 (3), 352-378

Bilgi Açığı Hipotezi ̇ ve Yeni ̇ Medya ̇

Year 2017, Issue: 2, 1 - 14, 01.09.2017

Abstract

1970 yılında ortaya çıkan ve özellikle yazılı basın üzerine kurulan Bilgi Açığı Hipotezi kitle iletişim araçlarının toplumun her kesimini eşit derecede bilgilendirme konusunda başarısızlığını açıklamaktadır. Daha sonra yapılan çalışmalarda radyonun da bilgi açığı oluşturduğu ortaya çıkmış ancak televizyonun toplum kesimleri arasında bilgi açığı oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşan çok az sayıda araştırma olmuştur. Yapılan ilk çalışmalar İnternet haber siteleri, sosyal medya vb. ve yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin bilgi-haber açığını artırdığını ortaya koysa da son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar İnternet ve yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin bilgi-haber açığını azalttığı sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Bu çalışmada Bilgi Açığı Hipotezi ve bu konuda yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalar neticesinde özellikle son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda Yeni Medyanın toplum kesimleri arasında bilgi-haber açığını azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öte yandan toplum kesimleri arasında bilgi açığı medya, konu ve zamana göre varlığını devam ettirmektedir.

References

  • Akar, E. (2010).Sosyal Medya Pazarlaması (Sosyal Web’de Pazarlama Stratejileri).Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi, 17.
  • Aydın, O.Ş. (2011). “Teknoloji, Haber, Nesnellik- Yeni Medya Üzerine Tartışma Notları”, İletişim ve Teknoloji: Olanaklar, Uygulamalar, Sınırlar. Ed. Zeliha Hepkon, Ankara: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi., 103-120.
  • Aymerich-Frank, C. (2014). “Çevrimiçi Finansal Habercilikte Sosyal Medyanın Benimsenmesi”, Sosyal Medya Devrimi, (Çev. Akın Emre Pilgir), Haz. Barış Çoban, İstanbul: Su yayınevi., 233-246.
  • Bas, O., M. E. Grabe.(2013). Emotion-Provoking Personalization of News: Informing Citizens and Closing the Knowledge Gap, Communication Research 201X, Vol.XX(X), Sage, 1 –27.
  • Binark, M., Löker, K. (2011). ̇ Sivil Toplum Örgütleri İçin Bilişim Rehberi. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi, 9.
  • Binark, M., (2007). Yeni Medya Çalışmaları. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 21.
  • Bonfadelli, H. (2002). “The Internet and Knowledge Gaps, A Theorical and Emprical Investigation”, European Journal of Communication, Sage Publication, 17(1), 65-84.
  • Bonfadelli, H. (2003) “Online Communication: Putting the Knowledge Gap Theory into Perspective”, Communication Research and Media Science in Europe, S. Angela, William Campbell, Michael Schenk Walter de Gruyter (Eds). Copyright 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785, Berlin, 1 january 2002, p.291-297, Web:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id =rBWOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Viswanath,+K.,+Breen,+N.,+Meissner,+H.,+Mo ser,+R.+P.,+Hesse,+B.,+Steele,+W.+R.,+et+al.+(2006).+Cancer+knowledge+and+disparities+in+ the+information+age.+Journal+of+Health+Communication,+11,&source=bl&ots=5BXd3bL8K& sig=BWOlZUph_LTX1bCZa4_z2j4ck&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=OeFpVNlrouHLA6vcgKgP&ved=0CCwQ6AE wAw#v=onepage&q&f=false, Erişim Tarihi:10 Mart 2017.
  • Brantgarde, L. (1983). “The Information Gap and Municipal Politics in Sweden”, Communication Research, 10(3), 357-373.
  • Cacciatore, M. A., D. A. Scheufele, E. A. Corley, (2012, June). Another (methodological) look at knowledge gaps and the Internet’s potential for closing them. Public Understanding of Science, 23(4), 376-395.
  • Chenn, X. (2013). “The Influence of Social Media Use on Knowledge Gaps About Science and Technology Among Chinese Audiences, Master of Scinece”, Journalism and Mass Communication, Iowa State University Ames.
  • Dimitrova, D. V., A. Shehata, J. Strömbäck, and L. W. Nord. (2014). “The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data”, Communication Research, 2014, 41(1), (originally published online 2 November 2011), 95–118,.
  • Dilmen, N. E. (Ocak, 2007).”Yeni Medya Kavramı Çerçevesinde İnternet Günlükleri-Bloglar ve ̇ Gazeteciliğe Yansımaları”, Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 12, 113-122.
  • Donohue, George A., C. N. Olien, and P. J. Tichenor. (1987). “Media access and Knowledge Gaps”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 4, 87-92.
  • Donohue, George A., J. T. Phillip and N. O. Clarice. (1975, Jan). “Mass Media and The Knowledge Gap: A Hypothesis Reconsidered”, Communication Research, 2(1), 3-23.
  • Ettema, James S., F. G. Kline. (1977 April ). Deficits, Differences, and Ceiling: Contingent Conditions for Understanding the Knowledge Gap. Communication Research, 4(2), 179-199.
  • Eveland, W. P., D. A. Scheufele. (2000) “Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation”. Political Communication, 17(3), 215–237.
  • Gaziano, C., (2014). Components of the Belief Gap: Ideology and Education. Sage Open, 4 (1), 1–18
  • Genova, B.K.L., B. S. Greenberg. (1979). “Interests in News and The Knowledge Gap”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 43 (1), 79-91.
  • Geray, H. (2003). İletişim ve Teknoloji. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi, 18.
  • Gibson, Rachel K., I. McAllister (June 2014) “New media, elections and the political knowledge gap in Australia”, Journal of Sociology Web: http://jos.sagepub.com/content/ early/2014/05/06/1440783314532173.full.pdf+html, Erişim Tarihi:25 Nisan2017.
  • Hargittai, E., A. Hinnant. (2008). “Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet”, Communication Research, 35(5), 602-62.
  • Hindman, D.B. (2012) “Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps and Public Opinion about Health Care Reform”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(4), 585–605.
  • http://webrazzi.com/2013/10/07/twitterin-internet-kullanicilari-arasinda-en-yayginoldugu-ulke-turkiye/, 17 Mayıs 2017’de alınmıştır. Jeffres, Leo W., N. Kimberly and J. A. David. (2012, March). “Acquiring Knowledge From the Media in the Internet Age”. Communication Quarterly, 60 (1), January-March, 59-79.
  • Jerit, J., (2009). “Understanding the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Experts and Journalist”, The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 442–45
  • Karabulut, N. (2009). Yeni Medya Teknolojileri ve Halkla İlişkiler. İstanbul: Beykoz Lojistik Meslek Yüksekokulu Yayınları, 89.
  • Kwak, N. (1999). “Revisitig the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Education, Motivation, Media Use”. Communication Research, 26(4), 1999, 385-413.
  • Lee, C. (2009). “The Role of Internet Engagement in the Health- Knowledge Gap”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(3), 365–382.
  • Martin, J. A. (2013). “Closing Gaps in International Knowledge and Participation: News Attention, Online Expression, and the 2010 Haiti Earthquake”. Mass Communication and Society,16(3), 417–440.
  • Mcleod, D. M., E. M. Perse. (1994). “Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Public Affairs Knowledge”. Journalism Quarterly,71(2), 433-432
  • Miyo, Y. (1983, May) “Knowledge-Gap Hypothesis and Media Dependency”. Paper presented to the international communication association, Texas, Dallas, 626-650.
  • Özçağlayan, M. (1998). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri ve Değişimi. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 146.
  • Özgen, E. (2011). “Halkla İlişkiler ve Yeni Medyanın İşaret Ettiği Sorunlar Üzerine Bir Tartışma”. Global Media Journal, 2, 81-102.
  • Özutku, F., H. Çopur, İ. Sığın, K. İlter, M. M. Küçükyılmaz, Y. Arı. (2014). Sosyal Medyanın ABC’si. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım, 41.
  • Pavlik, J. V. (2001). Yeni Medya ve Gazetecilik. (Çev. M. Demir ve B. Kalsın). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi. (Eserin orjinali 2001’de yayımlandı), 28-33.
  • Prior, M. (2005). “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout”. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577–592.
  • Kim, S. (2008). “Testing the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional News Media, tthe Internet, and Political Learnin”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 193-210.
  • Severin, J. W.,W. J. Tankard. (1994). İletişim Kuramları. (Çev. A. A. Bir, S. Sever) Üçüncü Baskı.
  • Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Kible Sanat Merkezi Yayını., (Eserin orjinali 1988’de yayımlandı), 409.
  • Shim, M. (2008). “Connecting Internet Use with Gaps in Cancer Knowledge”, Health Communication, 23(5), 448-461.
  • Şeker, T. B. (2005). İnternet ve Bilgi Açığı. Konya: Çizgi Yayınları, 16.
  • Tichenor, P. J., A. D. George, C. N. Olien. (1970). “Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159-170.
  • Törenli, N. (2005). Yeni Medya, Yeni İletişim Ortamı. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat, 83.
  • UCDP. (2011). Timeline Arab Spring, Web: (http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/info/ chronologic%20timeline%20arabian%20spring.pdf). Erişim Tarihi:04 Mayıs 2017.
  • Dijk, J. V. , Hacker, K. (2003) The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon ̇ . The Information Society, 19 (4). pp. 315-326. ISSN 0197-2243.
  • Viswanath, Kasisomayajula, G. M. Kosicki, E. S. Fredin, E. Park (2000). “Local Community Ties, Comunity-Boundedness, and Local Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps”. Communication Research, 27(1), 27-50.
  • Wang, K. Y., D. J. Atkin, T. Lau. (2014). Media Versus Individual Frames and Horizontal Knowledge Gaps: A Study of the 2010 Health Care Reform Debate Online. Electronic News, 8(1), 30-48.
  • Wei, L., D. B. Hindman. (2011) . “The Digital Divide Matter More? Comparing the Effects of New Media and Old Media Use on the Education-Based Knowledge Gap”, Mass Communication and Society, 1 (2), 216-235.
  • Yang, J., M. E. Grabe. (2011). “Knowledge Acquisition Gaps: A Comparison of Print Versus Online News Sources”. News Mesia & Society, sage, 13(8), 1211–1227.
  • Yaylagül, L. (2013). Kitle İletişim Kuramları: Egemen ve Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar. Beşinci Baskı. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 85.
  • Yi-Fan Su, L., M. A. Cacciatore, D. A. Scheufele, D. Brossard, M. A. Xenos. (2014). “Inequalities in Scientific Understanding: Differentiating Between Factual and Perceived Knowledge Gap”. Science Communication, 36 (3), 352-378
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurettin Güz This is me

Hayrullah Yanık This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güz, N., & Yanık, H. (2017). Bilgi Açığı Hipotezi ̇ ve Yeni ̇ Medya ̇. Yeni Medya(2), 1-14.

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