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Türkiye’de Meydana Gelen Depremlerin İyonküre Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 117 - 130, 01.09.2018

Abstract

Yer’in iyonküresi, uzay-havası incelemelerinde önemli bir etkendir ve bu nedenle iyonkürenin değişkenliğinin incelenmesi, başta
iyonküre fiziği ve radyo iletişimi olmak üzere birçok alanda önemlidir. İyonküreyi karakterize eden temel parametreler, yükseklik,
enlem, boylam, jeomanyetik işleklik, güneş işlekliği ve sismik hareketlilikle değişimler gösteren elektron yoğunluğudur. İyonküreyi
karakterize eden bir diğer parametre ise atmosferde bir yol boyunca hesaplanan serbest elektronların miktarına eşit olan
Toplam Elektron İçeriğidir (TEİ). TEİ ölçümleri, uzay havasındaki değişimleri ve sismik hareketliliğin iyonkürede yarattığı etkileri
sergilemeye olanak sağlar. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de konumlanmış Türkiye Ulusal Sabit GPS İstasyonları Ağındaki (TUSAGAAktif)
on bir Yerküresel Konumlama Sistemi (YKS) istasyonlarından elde edilen TEİ verileri, Çapraz İlinti Katsayısı (ÇİK), Simetrik
Kullback-Leibler Mesafesi (KLD), L2-Normu (L2N) kullanılarak iyonkürenin sakin günlerini, şiddetli jeomanyetik fırtınaların yaşandığı
günlerini ve büyüklükleri farklı depremlerin yaşandığı günlerini kapsayan üç dönem için karşılaştırılmıştır. Buna göre, birbirine
340 km mesafe alanında bulunan istasyonlar için KLD ve L2N yönteminin sismik hareketliliği, jeomanyetik bozulmadan ve sakin
durumlardan ayırabildiği gözlenmiştir. Her bir istasyonun üç dönem için elde edilen TEİ değerleri, ÇİK, KLD ve L2N yöntemleri
kullanılarak ortalama sakin bir günde elde edilen TEİ değeriyle karşılaştırıldığında sadece KLD ve L2N yöntemlerinin deprem
merkezine en fazla 150 km uzaklıkta olan istasyonlar için sismik hareketliliğin neden olduğu bozulmayı seçebildiği görülmüştür.

References

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  • Arikan, F., Karatay, S., Arikan, O., 2009. Investigation of ionospheric disturbance due to strong earthquakes using Total Electron Content. Proceeding of EGU (Europen Geosciences Union), Vienna, Austria, Abstracts, p. 8440.
  • Biqiang, Z., Weixing, W., Libo, L., Tian, M., 2007. Morphology in the Total Electron Content under geomagnetic disturbed conditions: results from global ionosphere maps. Annales Geophysicae, 25(7): 1555-1568.
  • Bondur, V., Smirnov, V., 2006. Seismo-ionospheric variations during the earthquake in Pakistan (September 2005) as a precursor of seismic events. IEEE of Advances in Space Technologies International Conference, p. 11-15, doi: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313788.
  • Bratsolis, E., Sigelle, M., 2003. Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Markov Random Fields for speckled image restoration. Signal Processing and Its Applications, 1, 425-428
  • Chiang, L. H., Braatz, R. D., 2003. Process monitoring using causal map and multivariate statics fault detection and identification. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 65, 159-178.
  • Chuo, Y.J., Chen, Y.I., Liu, J.Y., Pulinets, S.A., 2001. Ionospheric foF2 variations prior to strong earthquakes in Taiwan area. Advances in Space Research, 27(6), 1305-1310.
  • Cover, T.M., Thomas, A.J., 2006. Elements of Information Theory. Wiley Inter-Science, New York.
  • Hall, P., 1987. On Kullback-Leibler loss and estimation. The Annals of Statistics, 15(4), 1491- 1519.
  • Inglada, J., 2003. Change detection on SAR images by using a parametric estimation of the Kullback-Leibler Divergence. IGARSS, 6(21-25), 4104-4106.
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  • Karatay, S., Cinar, A., Arikan, F., 2017. Ionospheric responses during equinox and solstice periods over Turkey. Advanc
  • Kouris, S.S., Fotiadis, D.N., 2002. Ionospheric variability: a comparative statistical study. Advances in Space Research, 29(6), 977-985.
  • Kouris, S.S., Polimeris, K.V., Cander, L.R., 2006. Specifications of TEC variability. Advances in Space Research, 37(5), 983-1004.
  • Kreyszig, E., 1988. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
  • Lazo, B., Alazo, K., Rodriguez, M., Calzadilla, A., 2004. TEC variability over Havana for different solar activity conditions. Advances in Space Research, 34(9), 2044-2048.
  • Liu, J.Y., Chen, Y.I., Pulinets, S.A., Tsai, Y.B., Chuo, Y.J., 2000. Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M≥ 6.0 Taiwan earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(19), 3113- 3116.
  • Liu, J.Y., Chuo, Y.J., Shan, S.J., Tsai, Y.B., Chen, Y.I., Pulinets, S.A., Yu, S.B., 2004. Preearthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. Annales Geophysicae, 22(5), 1585-1593.
  • Nayir, H., 2007. Yerküresel Konumlama Sistemi işaretleri kullanarak iyonküre Toplam Elektron İçeriği Kestirimi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara (Türkçe).
  • Nayir, H., Arikan, F., Arikan, O., Erol, C.B., 2007. Total Electron Content estimation with Reg-Est. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 112, A11313.
  • NOAA, http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/ftpmenu/indices/ old_indices
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  • Pulinets, S.A., 2004. Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes; recent advances in theory and practical applications. TAO, 15(3), 413-435
  • Pulinets, S.A., Gaivoronska, T.B., Contreras L.A., Ciraolo, I., 2004. Correlation analysis technique revealing ionospheric precursors of earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 4, 697-702.
  • Pulinets, S.A., Contreas, A.L., Bisiacchi-Giraldi, G.,Ciraolo, L., 2005. Total Electron Content variations in the ionosphere before the Collima, Mexico earthquake of 21 January 2003. Geofisicia Internacional, 44(4), 369-377.
  • Pulinets, S.A., Kotsarenko, A.N., Ciraolo, L., Pulinets, I.A., 2006. Special case of ionospheric dayto-day variability associated with earthquake preparation. Advances in Space Research, 39(2007), 970-977.
  • Rached, Z., Alajaji, F., Campbell, L.L., 2004. The Kullback-Leibler Divergence rate between Markov sources. IEEE Transactions of Information Theory, 50, 917-923.
  • Rishbeth, H. and Garriot, O.K., 1969. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics. Academic Press, New York.
  • Smirnova E.V., Smirnov, V.M., 2005. Modification of electron density profile about the earthquake epicenter by GPS data. Proceeding of 2nd RAST (Recent Advances in Space Technologies), İstanbul, Turkey, p. 767-771, doi: 10.1109/RAST.2005.1512669.
  • Smirnova, E.V., Smirnov, V.M., 2007. Monitoring the earth ionosphere during the earthquake by radio translucence method by GPS data. Proceeding of 3rd RAST (Recent Advances in Space Technologies), İstanbul, Turkey, p. 666-671, doi: 10.1109/RAST.2007.4284076.
  • Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, http://www.cbk.waw.pl/rwc/idce. html.
  • Trigunait, A., Parrot, M., Pulinets, S.A., Li, F., 2004. Variations of the ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event. Annales Geophysicae, 22 (12), 4123-4131. USGS, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/
  • Vlasov, M., Kelley, M.C., Kil, H., 2003. Analysis of ground-based and satellite observations of F-region behavior during the great magnetic storm of July 15, 2000. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics, 65, 1223-1234.
  • Weisberg, S., 2005. Applied Linear Regression. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
  • World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, http:// wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir/.
  • Zhang, D., Xiao, Z., 2000. Study of ionospheric TEC using GPS during the large solar flare burst on November 6, 1997. Chinese Science Bulletin, 45(19), 1749-1752.
  • Zhang, M. L., Shi, J. K., Wang, X., Radicella, S. M., 2004. Ionospheric variability at low latitude station: Hainan, China. Advances in Space Research, 34(9), 1860-1868.
Year 2018, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 117 - 130, 01.09.2018

Abstract

References

  • Arikan, F., C. B. Erol and O. Arikan, 2003. Regularized estimation of vertical total electron content from Global Positioning System data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 109(A12), 1469, doi:10.1029/2003JA009605.
  • Arikan, F., Karatay, S., Arikan, O., 2009. Investigation of ionospheric disturbance due to strong earthquakes using Total Electron Content. Proceeding of EGU (Europen Geosciences Union), Vienna, Austria, Abstracts, p. 8440.
  • Biqiang, Z., Weixing, W., Libo, L., Tian, M., 2007. Morphology in the Total Electron Content under geomagnetic disturbed conditions: results from global ionosphere maps. Annales Geophysicae, 25(7): 1555-1568.
  • Bondur, V., Smirnov, V., 2006. Seismo-ionospheric variations during the earthquake in Pakistan (September 2005) as a precursor of seismic events. IEEE of Advances in Space Technologies International Conference, p. 11-15, doi: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313788.
  • Bratsolis, E., Sigelle, M., 2003. Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Markov Random Fields for speckled image restoration. Signal Processing and Its Applications, 1, 425-428
  • Chiang, L. H., Braatz, R. D., 2003. Process monitoring using causal map and multivariate statics fault detection and identification. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 65, 159-178.
  • Chuo, Y.J., Chen, Y.I., Liu, J.Y., Pulinets, S.A., 2001. Ionospheric foF2 variations prior to strong earthquakes in Taiwan area. Advances in Space Research, 27(6), 1305-1310.
  • Cover, T.M., Thomas, A.J., 2006. Elements of Information Theory. Wiley Inter-Science, New York.
  • Hall, P., 1987. On Kullback-Leibler loss and estimation. The Annals of Statistics, 15(4), 1491- 1519.
  • Inglada, J., 2003. Change detection on SAR images by using a parametric estimation of the Kullback-Leibler Divergence. IGARSS, 6(21-25), 4104-4106.
  • IONOLAB, www.ionolab.org Kandilli Rasathanesi, www.koeri.boun.edu.tr.
  • Kandilli Rasathanesi, www.koeri.boun.edu.tr.
  • Karatay, S.. Arikan, F. and Arikan, O., 2010. Investigation of TEC Variability due to Seismic and Geomagnetic Disturbances in the Ionosphere. Radio Science. 45, 1-12, doi:10.1029/2009RS004313. 1-12.
  • Karatay, S., Cinar, A., Arikan, F., 2017. Ionospheric responses during equinox and solstice periods over Turkey. Advanc
  • Kouris, S.S., Fotiadis, D.N., 2002. Ionospheric variability: a comparative statistical study. Advances in Space Research, 29(6), 977-985.
  • Kouris, S.S., Polimeris, K.V., Cander, L.R., 2006. Specifications of TEC variability. Advances in Space Research, 37(5), 983-1004.
  • Kreyszig, E., 1988. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
  • Lazo, B., Alazo, K., Rodriguez, M., Calzadilla, A., 2004. TEC variability over Havana for different solar activity conditions. Advances in Space Research, 34(9), 2044-2048.
  • Liu, J.Y., Chen, Y.I., Pulinets, S.A., Tsai, Y.B., Chuo, Y.J., 2000. Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M≥ 6.0 Taiwan earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(19), 3113- 3116.
  • Liu, J.Y., Chuo, Y.J., Shan, S.J., Tsai, Y.B., Chen, Y.I., Pulinets, S.A., Yu, S.B., 2004. Preearthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. Annales Geophysicae, 22(5), 1585-1593.
  • Nayir, H., 2007. Yerküresel Konumlama Sistemi işaretleri kullanarak iyonküre Toplam Elektron İçeriği Kestirimi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara (Türkçe).
  • Nayir, H., Arikan, F., Arikan, O., Erol, C.B., 2007. Total Electron Content estimation with Reg-Est. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 112, A11313.
  • NOAA, http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/ftpmenu/indices/ old_indices
  • Plotkin, V.V., 2003. GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations before the 13 February 2001 El Salvador earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 3, 249-253.
  • Pulinets, S.A., 2004. Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes; recent advances in theory and practical applications. TAO, 15(3), 413-435
  • Pulinets, S.A., Gaivoronska, T.B., Contreras L.A., Ciraolo, I., 2004. Correlation analysis technique revealing ionospheric precursors of earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 4, 697-702.
  • Pulinets, S.A., Contreas, A.L., Bisiacchi-Giraldi, G.,Ciraolo, L., 2005. Total Electron Content variations in the ionosphere before the Collima, Mexico earthquake of 21 January 2003. Geofisicia Internacional, 44(4), 369-377.
  • Pulinets, S.A., Kotsarenko, A.N., Ciraolo, L., Pulinets, I.A., 2006. Special case of ionospheric dayto-day variability associated with earthquake preparation. Advances in Space Research, 39(2007), 970-977.
  • Rached, Z., Alajaji, F., Campbell, L.L., 2004. The Kullback-Leibler Divergence rate between Markov sources. IEEE Transactions of Information Theory, 50, 917-923.
  • Rishbeth, H. and Garriot, O.K., 1969. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics. Academic Press, New York.
  • Smirnova E.V., Smirnov, V.M., 2005. Modification of electron density profile about the earthquake epicenter by GPS data. Proceeding of 2nd RAST (Recent Advances in Space Technologies), İstanbul, Turkey, p. 767-771, doi: 10.1109/RAST.2005.1512669.
  • Smirnova, E.V., Smirnov, V.M., 2007. Monitoring the earth ionosphere during the earthquake by radio translucence method by GPS data. Proceeding of 3rd RAST (Recent Advances in Space Technologies), İstanbul, Turkey, p. 666-671, doi: 10.1109/RAST.2007.4284076.
  • Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, http://www.cbk.waw.pl/rwc/idce. html.
  • Trigunait, A., Parrot, M., Pulinets, S.A., Li, F., 2004. Variations of the ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event. Annales Geophysicae, 22 (12), 4123-4131. USGS, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/
  • Vlasov, M., Kelley, M.C., Kil, H., 2003. Analysis of ground-based and satellite observations of F-region behavior during the great magnetic storm of July 15, 2000. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics, 65, 1223-1234.
  • Weisberg, S., 2005. Applied Linear Regression. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
  • World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, http:// wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir/.
  • Zhang, D., Xiao, Z., 2000. Study of ionospheric TEC using GPS during the large solar flare burst on November 6, 1997. Chinese Science Bulletin, 45(19), 1749-1752.
  • Zhang, M. L., Shi, J. K., Wang, X., Radicella, S. M., 2004. Ionospheric variability at low latitude station: Hainan, China. Advances in Space Research, 34(9), 1860-1868.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seçil Karatay

Publication Date September 1, 2018
Submission Date December 26, 2017
Acceptance Date July 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 39 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Karatay S (September 1, 2018) Türkiye’de Meydana Gelen Depremlerin İyonküre Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Yerbilimleri 39 2 117–130.