EXAMINATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE, FAMILY RESILIENCE AND LIFE SATISFACTION OF THE PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AND THE PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

Year 2022, , 21 - 45, 06.04.2022

Aysu Emre İnal

https://doi.org/10.51947/yonbil.1088348

Cited By: 5

Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare the psychological resilience, family resilience and life satisfaction of parents of children with special needs and children with normal development and to examine the relationships between these variables. A total of 403 parents, including 198 parents with children with special needs and 205 parents with children with normal development, participated in the study. Personal information form, Adult Resilience Scale, Family Resilience Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. As a result of the research, it was determined that the level of psychological resilience and family resilience of parents with children with normal development was significantly higher than the level of resilience and family resilience of parents with children with special needs. Similarly, it was determined that the life satisfaction of parents with children with normal development was significantly higher than those of parents with children with special needs. In addition, it was concluded that the relationship between psychological resilience and family resilience is stronger in parents with children with special needs than in parents with children with normal development. In addition, it was determined that among the parents with children with special needs, those with high psychological resilience also had higher life satisfaction, but there was no such relationship in parents with children with normal development. Finally, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between family resilience and life satisfaction in both parents with children with special needs and parents with children with normal development, but this relationship is stronger in families with children with special needs.

Keywords

Special needs, parents, psychological resilience, family resilience, life satisfaction

Supporting Institution

Dr.Serkan Akgün

ÖZEL GEREKSİNİMLİ ÇOCUKLAR İLE NORMAL GELİŞİM GÖSTEREN 1 ÇOCUKLARIN EBEVEYNLERİNİN PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK, YILMAZLIK VE YAŞAM DOYUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı özel gereksinimli çocuklar ile normal gelişim gösteren çocukların ebeveynlerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık, yılmazlık ve yaşam doyumlarının karşılaştırılması ve bu degişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip 198 ve normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip 205 ebeveyn olmak üzere toplam 403 ebeveyn katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, kişisel bilgi formu, Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği, Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yılmazlık düzeyinin özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yılmazlık düzeyinden anlamlı bir şekilde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde, normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin yaşam doyumunun özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin yaşam doyumundan anlamlı bir şekilde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yılmazlık arasındaki ilişkinin özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerde normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip ebeveynlere göre daha güçlü olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerden psikolojik dayanıklılığı yüksek olanların yaşam doyumunun da yüksek olduğu fakat normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerde bu şekilde bir ilişkinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Son olarak, hem özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerde
hem de normal gelişim gösteren çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerde yılmazlık ve yaşam doyumu arasında
anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğu fakat özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ailelerde bu ilişkinin daha güçlü
olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Özel gereksinim, Özel gereksinim, ebeveyn, ebeveyn, psikolojik dayanıklılık, yaşam doyumu, yaşam doyumu

References

• Açar, F. (2018). Investigation of psychological resilience and burnout levels in mothers of autistic children. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul.
• Akkök, F. (1997). Bayan perşembeler. Ankara: Epsilon Yayınları.
• Akkök, F. (2003). Farklı Özelliğe Sahip Çocuk Aileleri ve Ailelerle Yapılan Çalışmalar. A. Ataman (Ed.) Özel Eğitime Giriş. Ankara: Gündüz Eğitim Yayıncılık.
• Akkök, F., Aşkar, P., & Karancı N. (1992). The Prediction of Stress in Parents with a Disabled Child. Journal of Special Education, 1(2), 6-12.
• Aktan, O., Orakcı, Ş., & Durnalı, M. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between burnout, life satisfaction and quality of life in parents of children with disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 1-17.
• Altuğ-Özsoy, S., & Özkahraman, Ş. ve Çallı, F. (2006). Examining the difficulties experienced by families with mentally retarded children. Journal of Family and Society, 3(9), 69-79.
• Aydın, A. (2019). The relationship of parents of children with special needs with the psychological bases of meaning and self-perceptions in life. Trakya Journal of Education, 9(3), 487-505.
• Aydın, C., Kaya, M., & Peker, H. (2015). Meaning and Purpose of Life Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Journal of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Theology, 38, 39-55.
• Basım, H. J., & Çetin, F. (2011). The study of the safety and transition of the scale of psychological resilience for adults. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 2(2),104-14.
• Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Flexibility in the Family Members of People with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Problems in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 650-656. doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.671441
• Bilal, E., & Dağ, I. (2005). Confronting stress, coping with stress, and locus of control in mothers of children with and without educable mental disabilities. Journal of Child and Youth Mental Health, (2), 12-25.
• Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Bell, R. (2013). The Buffering Effect of Resistance on Stress, Anxiety and Depression in the Parents of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(5), 533-543. doi: 10.1007/s10882-013-9333-5
• Caner, P., Bayraklı, H., & Güzeller, C.O. (2011). An investigation of parents' perceptions of resilience from the opening of the base values. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 12(2) 63-78.
• Cengiz, S., Yıldız, M. N., & Peker, A. (2021). It is Typical for Parents with Special Needs Children withexamination of the Stress and Life Satisfaction Levels of Parents with Developing Children. Journal of International Community Studies, 17(36), 2940-2956. doi: 10.26466/opus.832440
• Cho, K. S., & Hong, E. J. (2013). Path analysis of variables related to the quality of life of mothers with children with disabilities in Korea. Stress and Health, 29, 229-239.
• Çavkaytar, A. & Özen, A. (2010). Aile katılımı ve eğitim. G. Akçamete (Ed.) Özel Eğitim (s. 169-202). Ankara: Kök Yayınları.
• Çetin, K., & Kurnaz, A. (2017). A Review of the Ability and Preferences of Students with Special Needs to Wear Based on the Opinions of Parents and Teachers, Journal of Research and Review, 2(2), 79-98.
• Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the life satisfaction scale to Turkish: Transition and security study. Journal of Electronic Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262.
• Darling, C. A., Senatore, N., & Strachan, J. (2012). Fathers of children with disabilities: Stress and life satisfaction. Stress and Health, 28, 269-278.
• Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, P. (2002). Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and life satisfaction. C. R. Snyder and S. J. In Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. 63–73. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2089q
• Duygun, T. (2001). The effect of stress symptoms, stress coping styles and perceived social support on burnout level in mentally disabled and healthy child mothers. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Ankara University, Ankara.
• Eldeniz-Çetin, M. (2017). Evaluation of the Preferences of Individuals with Special Needs. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 18(2), 309-328.
• Ergin, B. (2012). An investigation of the relationship between language development levels and social ability dec of 5-6 Year olds. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Educational Sciences, Konya.
• Esdaile, P. A., & Greenwood, K. M. (2003). Comparison of mothers' and fathers' experiences with parenting stress and citations for parent–child interaction outcomes. Occupational Therapy International, 10(2), 115-126. doi:10.1002/oti.180
• Fereiduni, Z., Kamyab, A. H., Dehghan, A., Khiyali, Z., Ziapour, A., Mehedi, N. & Toghroli, R. (2021). A comparative study on the quality of life and resilience of mothers with disabilities and neurotypically developing children in Iran. Helion, 7(6), e07285. doi: 10.1016/j.helion.2021.e07285
• Garmezy, N. (1993). Fragility and durability. D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey and K. In Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives over time: Personality and development (p. 377-398). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10127-032
• Hardman, M. L., Drew, C. J., & Egan, M. W. (1996). Exceptionalism and family human exclusion (5. Ed.). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
• Hastings, R. P., & Alay, H. M. (2002). Positive Perceptions of Children with Developmental Disabilities in Their Families. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 107(2), 116. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0116: ppifoc>2.0.co ;2
• Helff, C. M. & Glidden, L. M. (1998). Is it More Positive or Less Negative? Trends in Adaptation Research of Families Raising Children with Developmental Disabilities. Mental Retardation, 36(6), 457-464.
• Hunter, A. J. (2001). A Cross-cultural comparison of resilience in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 16(3), 172-179.
• Hyun, O. K. (2000). Parental role satisfaction among Korean mothers. I. International Journal of Human Ecology, 1(1), 1-14.
• Johnson, B.S. (2000). Mothers' Perceptions of Parenting of Children with Disabilities. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 25(3), 127-132. doi: 10.1097/00005721-200005000-00005.
• Kaner, P., & Bayrakli, H. (2010). Measurement of family resilience: its development, transition and safety. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 11(2), 47-62.
• Karabulut, D. O. & Özer, M. (2003). Life satisfaction in the elderly. Geriatrics, 6(2), 72-74.
• Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma Yönü. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Kronenberger, W. G. & Thompson, R. J. (1992). Psychological Adaptation of Mothers of Children with Spina Bifida: The Relationship with the Dimensions of Social Relations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.1
• Kuhn, J.C. & Carter, A.S. (2006). Among the cognitions of maternal self-efficacy and dec parenting. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-75.
• Küçüker, P. (1997). The effectiveness of the informative psychological counseling program on the level of knowledge of mentally retarded children about disability and the attitude of siblings with disabilities towards disability. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Ankara University, Ankara.
• Lenhard, W., Breitenbach, E., Ebert, H., Schindelhauer-Deutscher, H. J. and Henn, W. (2005). The psychological benefit of diagnostic certainty for mothers of children with disabilities: lessons from Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 133A(2), 170-175. doi: 10.1002/ ajmg.a.30571
• Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and Resilience: A Study of High-Risk Adolescents. Child Development, 62(3), 600-616. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01555.x
• Macias, M. M., Saylor, C. F., Rowe, B. P., & Bell, N. L. (2003). Age-Related Parenting Stress Differences in Mothers of Children with Spina Bifida. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1223–1232. doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1223
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227
• Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (2012). Resilience in developmental psychopathology: Contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology, 24(02), 345-361. doi:10.1017/s095457941200003x
• McCubbin, H. I., McCubbin, M. A., & Thompson, A. I. (1993). Resiliency in families: The role of family schema and appraisal in family adaptation to crisis. In T. H. Brubaker (Ed.), Family relations: Challenges for the future (pp:153-177). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• Meral, B., & Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Family life quality perceptions of families of children with autism. Kastamonu University Journal of Kastamonu Education, 23(3), 1363-1380.
• Metin, E. N. (2012). Özel gereksinimli çocuğun aileye katılımı. E. N.Metin (Ed.) Özel gereksinimli çocuklar içinde. Ankara: Maya Akademi.
• Metin, E. N. (2012). Özel gereksinimli çocuğun aileye katılımı. E. N.Metin (Ed.) Özel gereksinimli çocuklar içinde. Ankara: Maya Akademi. Migerode, F., Maes, B., Buysse, A., & Brondeel, R. (2012). Quality of Life in Adolescents with a Disability and Their Parents: The Mediating Role of Social Support and Resilience. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(5), 487-503. doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9285-1
• Misura, A. K., & Memisevic, H. (2017). Quality of life of parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Croatia. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 7(2), 43-48. doi: 10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n2p43
• Myers, B. J., Mackintosh, V. H., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2009). “My greatest joy and my greatest heart ache:” Parents’ own words on how having a child in the autism spectrum has affected their lives and their families’ lives. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 670-684. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.004
• Newman, T., & Blackburn S. (2003). Transitıons in the lives of children and young people: Resilience factors. Edinburg: ERIC.1: 1-16. Özgüven, İ. E. (2000). Evlilik ve Aile Terapisi. Ankara: PDREM Yayınları.
• Özsoy, Y., Özyürek, M., & Eripek S. (1998). Özel Eğitime Giriş (9. Baskı). Ankara: Karatepe Yayınları.
• Patterson, J. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 349-360.
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). The affective and cognitive context of self reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20. doi :10.1007/BF01086714
• Recepoğlu, E. (2013). Examination of the relationship between teacher candidates' life satisfaction and their attitudes towards the teaching profession. Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education, 311-326.
• Rice, R. W., Frone, M. R., & McFarlin, D. B. (1992). Work-nonwork conflict and the perceived quality of life. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 155-168. doi:10.1002/job.4030130205
• Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 598-611. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
• Say, H. (2020). Investigation of hopelessness levels and life satisfaction of parents who have children with special needs and parents who do not have children with special needs. Unpublished Master Thesis, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul.
• Scorgie, K., Wilgosh, L., & Sobsey, D. (2004). The experience of transformation in parents of children with disabilities: Theoretical considerations. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 32(1), 84–110.
• Selimoğlu, Ö.G., Özdemir, S., Töret, G., & Özkubat, U. (2014). Examining the Views of Parents of Children with Autism Regarding Their Experiences During and After the Diagnosis of Autism. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 5(2), 129-161. doi: 10.20489/intjecse.107930
• Seltzer, M., Greenberg, J. S., Floyd, F. J., Pettee, Y., & Hong, J. (2001). Life Course Impacts of Parenting a Child With a Disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(3), 265. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0265:lciopa>2.0.co;2
• Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475-492.
• Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holisting Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3-8.
• Varghese, R.T., &Venkatesan, S. (2013). A comparative study of maternal burnout in autism and hearing impairment. International Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(2), 101-108.
• Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178.
• Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York, NY: GuilfordPress.
• Wing, L. (2012). Otizm el rehberi. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
• Yavuz, S. (2016). Investigation of Marriage Adjustment and Life Satisfaction Levels of Parents with Normally Developing Children and Parents with Mentally Handicapped Children. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Halic University, Istanbul.
• Yazıcı, D. N., & Durmusoglu, M. C. (2017). Examining the Problems and Expectations of Families with Special Needs Children. Journal of the Faculty of Education 30(2), 657-681.
• Yörükoğlu, A. (1998). Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı (22. Baskı). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları.