European Union In The Context Of Transnational/Organized Crimes

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in the Severe and Organized Crime Assessments that guide the Union on these illegal activities by examining the phenomenon of organized crime that has many economic and political negative consequences within the borders of the European Union. As a method, first of all, the study has drawn the conceptual framework of organized crime phenomenon by examining the related literature, and then evaluated the changes of organized crime tendencies within the Union by comparing the evaluations of 2014-2017 and 2018-2021 prepared by Europol. One of the most striking results obtained from these comparisons is while the environmental crimes, criminal finance and money laundering issues have been laid into background in the assessment period between 2014 and 2017, after the terrorist attacks in Brussels and Paris, particularly the criminal finance or financial supports to terrorist activities issues have been brought to the fore the assessment period for 2018-2021 by Europol.
This study, with its versatile character, both evaluated the phenomenon of organized crime and analyzed two consecutive periods in the context of organized crime, which were not compared before.
Key Words: Organized Crime, Europol, SOCTA, European Union
JEL Classification: F50, K33

Keywords

• Organized crime
• Europol
• SOCTA
• European Union

Sınıraşan/Organize Suçlar Bağlamında Avrupa Birliği

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temelde amacı, Avrupa Birliği sınırları içerisinde hem ekonomik hem de politik birçok olumsuz sonuç doğuran organize suç olgusunu inceleyerek, bu yasa dışı aktivitelere dair Birliğe yol haritası çizen Ağır ve Organize Suçlar Değerlendirmeleri içerisindeki değişimleri analiz etmektir. Çalışma yöntem olarak öncelikle literatür taraması ile organize suç olgusunun kavramsal çerçevesini çizmiş, daha sonra ise Europol tarafından hazırlanan 2014-2017 ve 2018-2021 yıllarına ait değerlendirmeleri karşılaştırarak organize suçların Birlik içerisindeki değişimini değerlendirmiştir. Bu karşılaştırmalardan elde edilen en çarpıcı sonuçlardan biri 2014-2017 yıllarına ait politikaların belirlenmesine yönelik değerlendirmelerde çevre suçları, terörün finansmanı ve kara para aklama suçları odaklanılması gereken suçlar arasında geri planda kalmıştır. Fakat Brüksel’de ve Paris’te gerçekleştirilen terör eylemlerinin ardından Europol özellikle terörün finansmanı konusunu ön plana almıştır.
Bu çalışma, çok yönlü karakteriyle hem organize suç olgusunu değerlendirmiş hem de daha önce karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmeyen iki ardışık dönemi organize suçlar bağlamında analiz etmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Organize Suçlar, Europol, SOCTA, Avrupa Birliği
JEL Sınıflandırması: F50, K33

Keywords

• Organize suçlar
• Europol
• SOCTA
• Avrupa Birliği

References

1. AB Konseyi. (2017). The EU Policy Cycle to Tacle Organized and Serious International Crime. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/37340/20185274_qc0418775enn_pdf.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 18 Mart 2020.
2. Albanese, J. (2003). The Prediction and Control of Organized Crime: A Risk Assessment Instrument for Targeting Law Enforcement Efforts. (National Criminal Jusiice Reference Service (NCJRS), Doc. no. 199047, Award no. 2000-IJ-CX-0009). https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/199047.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mart 2020.
3. Albanese,J. (2005).North American organised crime. (Edited by Galeotti M), Global Crime Today: The Changing Face of Organised Crime. London: Routledge 8-18. Andres,P. (2002). Transnational crime and economic globalization, (Edited by M. Berdal ve M. Serrano). Transnational organized crime and international security : business as usual?. London: Lynne Rienner Pub, 37-52..
4. Antonopoulos, G. A. ve Papanicolaou, G. (2009). Gone in 50 seconds: The social organisation and political economy of the stolen cars market in Greece. (Edited by P. C. van Duyne, S. Donati, J. Harvey, A. Maljevic, & K. von Lampe), Crime, money and criminal mobility in Europe. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal, 141-174.
5. Avrupa Konseyi. (2010). The EU Policy Cycle To Tacle Organised and Serios International Crime. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30232/qc0114638enn.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
6. Avrupa Konseyi. (2014). Draft Council Conclusions on the continuation of the EU Policy Cycle for organised and serious international crime for the period 2018-2021 (Doc 9450/17). http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7093-2017-INIT/en/pdf. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
7. Avrupa Konseyi. (2017). Infographic - EU fight against organised crime: 2018-2021. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/organized-crime/. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
8. Avrupa Konseyi.(1997). Doc. 6204/2/97 Enfopol 35 Rev 2, based on doc. 8469/1/99. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10415-2000-INIT/en/pdf. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.

9. Avrupa Parlementosu. (2011). Asian organized crime in the European Union. Brüksel: European Parliament.
10. Bakowski, P. (2015). Organised crime in the European Union. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/569039/EPRS_BRI(2015)569039_EN.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 03 Mart 2020.
11. Beare, M. ve Naylor, R. (1999). Major Issues Relating to Organized Crime : within the Context of Economic Relationships. (Nathanson Centre). https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/10284/Nathanson%20Centre%20Research%20Economic%20and%20Organized%20Crime%20EN.pdf?sequence=1. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
12. Burbank, J. (2016). Organized Crime in Europe: A country-By-Country Breakdown. https://themobmuseum.org/blog/organized-crime-in-europe-a-country-by-country-breakdown/. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2020.
13. Carteright, R. ve Bones, F. (2017). Transnational Organized Crime and the Impact on the Private Sector: The Hidden Battalions. Cenevre: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime.
14. Devito, C. (2005). The Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime. New York: Facts on File.
15. Dorr, G. ve Simpson, S. (1931). Summary and Recommendations. (Edited by Wickersham Commission), Report on the Cost of Crime. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 438-453.
16. Europol. (2011). EU organised crime threat assessment: OCTA 2011. The Hague, the Netherlands: European Police Office.
17. Europol. (2013). Socta 2013: EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment. The Hague, the Netherlands: European Police Office.
18. Europol. (2016). Does crime still pay?.https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/does-crime-still-pay. Erişim tarihi: 02 Mart 2020.
19. Europol, (2017). EU serious and organised crime threat assessment (EU SOCTA). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-serious-and-organised-crime-threat-assessment-2017. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2020.
20. Europol. (2019). Fighting Transnational Organised Crime: Europol and The Italian Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate Host First Operational Conference in The Hague. https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/fighting-transnational-organised-crime-europol-and-italian-anti-mafia-investigation-directorate-host-first-operational. Erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2020.
21. Felsen,D. ve Kalaitzidis, A. (2005). A Historical Overview of Transnational Crime, (Edited by Philip Reichel), Handbook of Transnational Crime & Justice. Londra: Sage Publications, 3-19.
22. Gachuz, J.C. (2016). Globalization and Organized Crime: Challenges for International Cooperation (Rice Univercity’s Baker Institute for Public Policy Issue Brief). https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/37efaacf/BI-Brief-070616-MEX_Globalization.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2020.
23. Hall,T. (2012). Geographies of the illicit: Globalization and organized crime. Progress in Human Geography, Vol.37, Iss.3, 366–385. DOI: 10.1177/0309132512460906.
24. Interpol. (1998). Annual activity report AGN / 68/ RAP/1. https://www.interpol.int/content/download/4922/file/Annual%20Report%201998-EN.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2020.
25. Louise, S. (1995). Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State?. Journal of International Affairs, Vol.48, Iss.2, 463-489.
26. Lupsha, P.A. (1996). Transnational organized crime versus the nation-state. Transnational organized crimei, Vol.2, Iss.1, 21-48.
27. Madsen,M. (2009). Transnational Organized Crime. London: Routledge.
28. Mittelman, J.H. (1999). The Globalization of Organized Crime, the Courtesan State, and the Corruption of Civil Society, Global Governance, Vol.5, 103-126.
29. Nadelmann, E.A. (1993). Cops across borders: The internalization of U.S. criminal law enforcement. Pensilvanya, Pennsylvania State University Press.
30. Nordstrom, C. (2007). Global Outlaws: Crime, Money, and Power in the Contemporary World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
31. Orlova, A. V. ve Moore, J. W. (2005). Umbrellas or building blocks: Defining international terrorism and transnational organized crime in international law. Houston Journal of International Law. Vol.27, Iss.2, 267-310.
32. Portanova, M. (2018). United Mafias of Europe: what is lacking to fight crime in EU Interactive Map: the presence of clans in each Member State. https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/longform/mafia-and-organized-crime-in-europe/map/. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
33. Sabatino,M. (2016). The processes of globalization and transnational organized crime. Journal of International Business and Economics, Vol.16, Iss.2, 61-82. DOI: 10.18374/JIBE-16-2.6.
34. Serrano,M. (2002). Transnational organized crime and international security : business as usual?, (Edited by M. Berdal ve M. Serrano). Transnational organized crime and international security : business as usual?. London: Lynne Rienner Pub., 13-36.
35. Surtees, R. (2008). Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the other side of human trafficking. European Journal of Criminology, Vol.5, Iss.1, 39–68. DOI: 10.1177/1477370807084224.
36. Syring, T. (2012). Candide, or Pessimism: Fighting Piracy and Transnational Crime in Uncharted Waters, Interdisciplinary Political Studies, Vol.2, Iss 1, 48-58.
37. Townsend, M. (2019). Kings of cocaine: how the Albanian mafia seized control of the UK drugs trade. (The Guardian, 14 Ocak 2019). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/13/kings-of-cocaine-albanian-mafia-uk-drugs-crime. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2020.
38. UNODC. (2010). The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. New York: United Narions Press.
39. UNODC. (2018). Organized Crime. https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/organized-crime/module-6/key-issues/structural-factors.html. Erişim tarihi: 02 Şubat 2020.
40. van der Wilt, H.G. (2014). Trafficking in human beings: a modern form of slavery or a transnational crime?, Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-13, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.DOI:.2139/ssrn.2393338.
41. Vlasis, D. (2002). The UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. (Edited by M. Berdal ve M. Serrano). Transnational organized crime and international security: business as usual?. London: Lynne Rienner Pub, 83-94.
42. von Lampe, K. (2014). Transnational Organized Crime in Europe. (Edited by J. Albanese ve Philip Reichel). Transnational Organized Crime An Overview from Six Continents. Londra: Sage Publication, 75-92.
43. Williams, P. (2012). How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime. Council on Foreign Relations interview with Stewart M. Patrick. http://www.cfr.org/ transnational crime/globalization-affectstransnational-crime/p28403. Erişim tarihi: 02 Mart 2020.
44. Woodiwiss, M. (2001). Organized Crime and American Power: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
45. Wright, A. (2005). Organised Crime. Devon: Willian Publishing.