Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 113 - 131, 09.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

Abstract

References

  • Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What and Where?. Energy Economics. Vol. 74, 677-692.
  • Ackah, I. and Kizys, R. (2015). Green Growth in Oil Producing African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis of Renewable Energy Demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 50, 1157-1166.
  • Aguirre, M. and Ibikunle, G. (2014). Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 374-384.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G.S. and Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass Energy, Technological Progress and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Selected European Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90, 202-208.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. and Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, 107-112.
  • Antonietti, R. and Fontini, F. (2019), Does Energy Price Affect Energy Efficiency? Cross-Country Panel Evidence, Energy Policy, Vol. 129, 896-906.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence From A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 733-738.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2014). Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence from A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 42, 226-232.
  • Beaumont, R. (2012). An Introduction to Statistics Correlation, http://www.floppybunny.org/ robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/part9.pdf (07.06.2022)
  • Bildirici, M.E. and Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of Oil Production on Economic Growth in Eurasian Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Energy. Vol. 49, 156-161.
  • Doytch, N. and Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, Vol. 54, 291-301.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 11, 6991-6999.
  • IMF, 2022. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook, 2015. The International Energy Agency; 2015. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency, Data and Statistics. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1, 1-24.
  • Ma, B. (2015). Does Urbanization Affect Energy Intensities Across Provinces in China? Long-Run Elasticities Estimation Using Dynamic Panels with Heterogeneous Slopes. Energy Economics, Vol. 49, 390-401.
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 631-652.
  • Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H. and Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: Pmg Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 4, 408-417.
  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S. and Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and Non-Renewable Energy Demand: A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Countries. Energy, Vol. 170, 832-839.
  • Oral, M. (2018). Küresel Enerji Talebinde Konvansiyonel Olmayan Kaynakların Rolü. Journal of Awareness. Cilt 3, Sayı 5, 279-286.
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özel, B. (2022). Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 47, 1-15.
  • Omri, A. and Nguyen, D. K. (2014). On the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: International Evidence. Energy, Vol. 72, 554-560.
  • Önder, H. ve Gündüz, İ. (2019). Nükleer Enerji Tüketiminin Makro Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 14, No. 51, 18-37.
  • Pasaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, 621-634.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with An Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3, 597-625.
  • Pesaran M.H. and Smith, R.P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol.68, No. 1, 79-113.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. and Yosuf, Z. (2013). An Application of Panel ARDL in Analysing the Dynamics of Financial Development and Economic Growth in 38 Sub-Saharan African Continents. In Proceeding, Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 2, 118-135.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. and Nielsen, I. (2016). Urbanization, Openness, Emissions, and Energy Intensity: A Study of Increasingly Urbanized Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, Vol. 56, 20-28.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A. and Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, Vol. 38, 581-591.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M. A. (2016). How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57, 83-93.
  • Sheng, Y., Shi, X. and Zhang, D. (2013). Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia. Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol. 2, No. 2, 146-152.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 68, No. 1, 101-132.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, No. 6, 709-748.
  • World Coal Association (WCA), ‘’Where Is Coal Found?’’. 14.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found, adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Zhao, P. and Zhang, M. (2018). The Impact of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption: A 30-Year Review in China. Urban Climate, No. 24, 940-953.
Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 113 - 131, 09.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

Abstract

References

  • Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What and Where?. Energy Economics. Vol. 74, 677-692.
  • Ackah, I. and Kizys, R. (2015). Green Growth in Oil Producing African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis of Renewable Energy Demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 50, 1157-1166.
  • Aguirre, M. and Ibikunle, G. (2014). Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 374-384.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G.S. and Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass Energy, Technological Progress and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Selected European Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90, 202-208.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. and Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, 107-112.
  • Antonietti, R. and Fontini, F. (2019), Does Energy Price Affect Energy Efficiency? Cross-Country Panel Evidence, Energy Policy, Vol. 129, 896-906.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence From A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 733-738.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2014). Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence from A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 42, 226-232.
  • Beaumont, R. (2012). An Introduction to Statistics Correlation, http://www.floppybunny.org/ robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/part9.pdf (07.06.2022)
  • Bildirici, M.E. and Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of Oil Production on Economic Growth in Eurasian Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Energy. Vol. 49, 156-161.
  • Doytch, N. and Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, Vol. 54, 291-301.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 11, 6991-6999.
  • IMF, 2022. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook, 2015. The International Energy Agency; 2015. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency, Data and Statistics. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1, 1-24.
  • Ma, B. (2015). Does Urbanization Affect Energy Intensities Across Provinces in China? Long-Run Elasticities Estimation Using Dynamic Panels with Heterogeneous Slopes. Energy Economics, Vol. 49, 390-401.
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 631-652.
  • Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H. and Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: Pmg Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 4, 408-417.
  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S. and Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and Non-Renewable Energy Demand: A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Countries. Energy, Vol. 170, 832-839.
  • Oral, M. (2018). Küresel Enerji Talebinde Konvansiyonel Olmayan Kaynakların Rolü. Journal of Awareness. Cilt 3, Sayı 5, 279-286.
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özel, B. (2022). Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 47, 1-15.
  • Omri, A. and Nguyen, D. K. (2014). On the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: International Evidence. Energy, Vol. 72, 554-560.
  • Önder, H. ve Gündüz, İ. (2019). Nükleer Enerji Tüketiminin Makro Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 14, No. 51, 18-37.
  • Pasaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, 621-634.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with An Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3, 597-625.
  • Pesaran M.H. and Smith, R.P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol.68, No. 1, 79-113.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. and Yosuf, Z. (2013). An Application of Panel ARDL in Analysing the Dynamics of Financial Development and Economic Growth in 38 Sub-Saharan African Continents. In Proceeding, Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 2, 118-135.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. and Nielsen, I. (2016). Urbanization, Openness, Emissions, and Energy Intensity: A Study of Increasingly Urbanized Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, Vol. 56, 20-28.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A. and Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, Vol. 38, 581-591.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M. A. (2016). How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57, 83-93.
  • Sheng, Y., Shi, X. and Zhang, D. (2013). Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia. Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol. 2, No. 2, 146-152.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 68, No. 1, 101-132.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, No. 6, 709-748.
  • World Coal Association (WCA), ‘’Where Is Coal Found?’’. 14.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found, adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Zhao, P. and Zhang, M. (2018). The Impact of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption: A 30-Year Review in China. Urban Climate, No. 24, 940-953.
Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 113 - 131, 09.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

Abstract

References

  • Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What and Where?. Energy Economics. Vol. 74, 677-692.
  • Ackah, I. and Kizys, R. (2015). Green Growth in Oil Producing African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis of Renewable Energy Demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 50, 1157-1166.
  • Aguirre, M. and Ibikunle, G. (2014). Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 374-384.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G.S. and Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass Energy, Technological Progress and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Selected European Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90, 202-208.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. and Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, 107-112.
  • Antonietti, R. and Fontini, F. (2019), Does Energy Price Affect Energy Efficiency? Cross-Country Panel Evidence, Energy Policy, Vol. 129, 896-906.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence From A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 733-738.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2014). Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence from A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 42, 226-232.
  • Beaumont, R. (2012). An Introduction to Statistics Correlation, http://www.floppybunny.org/ robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/part9.pdf (07.06.2022)
  • Bildirici, M.E. and Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of Oil Production on Economic Growth in Eurasian Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Energy. Vol. 49, 156-161.
  • Doytch, N. and Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, Vol. 54, 291-301.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 11, 6991-6999.
  • IMF, 2022. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook, 2015. The International Energy Agency; 2015. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency, Data and Statistics. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1, 1-24.
  • Ma, B. (2015). Does Urbanization Affect Energy Intensities Across Provinces in China? Long-Run Elasticities Estimation Using Dynamic Panels with Heterogeneous Slopes. Energy Economics, Vol. 49, 390-401.
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 631-652.
  • Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H. and Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: Pmg Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 4, 408-417.
  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S. and Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and Non-Renewable Energy Demand: A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Countries. Energy, Vol. 170, 832-839.
  • Oral, M. (2018). Küresel Enerji Talebinde Konvansiyonel Olmayan Kaynakların Rolü. Journal of Awareness. Cilt 3, Sayı 5, 279-286.
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özel, B. (2022). Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 47, 1-15.
  • Omri, A. and Nguyen, D. K. (2014). On the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: International Evidence. Energy, Vol. 72, 554-560.
  • Önder, H. ve Gündüz, İ. (2019). Nükleer Enerji Tüketiminin Makro Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 14, No. 51, 18-37.
  • Pasaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, 621-634.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with An Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3, 597-625.
  • Pesaran M.H. and Smith, R.P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol.68, No. 1, 79-113.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. and Yosuf, Z. (2013). An Application of Panel ARDL in Analysing the Dynamics of Financial Development and Economic Growth in 38 Sub-Saharan African Continents. In Proceeding, Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 2, 118-135.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. and Nielsen, I. (2016). Urbanization, Openness, Emissions, and Energy Intensity: A Study of Increasingly Urbanized Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, Vol. 56, 20-28.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A. and Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, Vol. 38, 581-591.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M. A. (2016). How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57, 83-93.
  • Sheng, Y., Shi, X. and Zhang, D. (2013). Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia. Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol. 2, No. 2, 146-152.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 68, No. 1, 101-132.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, No. 6, 709-748.
  • World Coal Association (WCA), ‘’Where Is Coal Found?’’. 14.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found, adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Zhao, P. and Zhang, M. (2018). The Impact of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption: A 30-Year Review in China. Urban Climate, No. 24, 940-953.

Panel Veri Yöntemi ile Seçilmiş Ülke Ekonomilerinde Fosil Yakıt Talebinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 113 - 131, 09.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

Abstract

Bu çalışmada fosil yakıt talebinin belirleyicileri küreselleşme sürecinin derinleştiği güncel dönem verileri ile araştırılmaktadır. Panel veri yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada yatay kesit birimleri olarak Arjantin, Bangladeş, Bulgaristan, Şili, Çin, Macaristan, Hindistan, Meksika, Pakistan, Peru, Filipinler, Polonya, Romanya, Tayland, Türkiye ve Ukrayna ekonomileri seçilmiştir. Adı geçen 16 ülkede 1990 yılında toplam enerji kaynakları içerisinde fosil yakıtların payı %75.47 iken 2018 yılında %84.23 oranında gerçekleşmiştir. İlgili ülke ekonomilerinde 1990 yılına göre 2018 yılında toplam enerji ithalatı %388.96 artış göstermiş ve bu artışın önemli bölümü fosil yakıt tüketiminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu durum gerek cari açık gerekse çevresel kalite açısından önemli sorunları meydana getirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 1990-2018 örneklem dönemine ait fosil yakıt talebi ile ekonomik büyüme, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, reel enerji fiyatları, karbondioksit emisyonu, kentleşme ve enerji kayıpları arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişki ampirik olarak incelenmektedir. Panel veri analizi yöntemlerinden Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup (PMG), Ortalama Grup (MG) ve Dinamik Sabit Etkiler (DFE) tahmincilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada model tercihi için Hausman testi yapılmaktadır. Ampirik bulgular ekonomik büyüme, reel enerji fiyatları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve kentleşmenin fosil yakıt talebini düşürdüğünü; karbondioksit emisyonu ve enerji kayıplarının ise fosil yakıt talebini artırıcı rol oynadığını göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fosil Yakıt Kullanımı, Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Kayıpları, Enerji İthalatçısı Ülkeler.
JEL Sınıflandırması: O13, F43.

References

  • Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What and Where?. Energy Economics. Vol. 74, 677-692.
  • Ackah, I. and Kizys, R. (2015). Green Growth in Oil Producing African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis of Renewable Energy Demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 50, 1157-1166.
  • Aguirre, M. and Ibikunle, G. (2014). Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 374-384.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G.S. and Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass Energy, Technological Progress and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Selected European Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90, 202-208.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. and Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, 107-112.
  • Antonietti, R. and Fontini, F. (2019), Does Energy Price Affect Energy Efficiency? Cross-Country Panel Evidence, Energy Policy, Vol. 129, 896-906.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence From A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 733-738.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2014). Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence from A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 42, 226-232.
  • Beaumont, R. (2012). An Introduction to Statistics Correlation, http://www.floppybunny.org/ robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/part9.pdf (07.06.2022)
  • Bildirici, M.E. and Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of Oil Production on Economic Growth in Eurasian Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Energy. Vol. 49, 156-161.
  • Doytch, N. and Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, Vol. 54, 291-301.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 11, 6991-6999.
  • IMF, 2022. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook, 2015. The International Energy Agency; 2015. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency, Data and Statistics. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1, 1-24.
  • Ma, B. (2015). Does Urbanization Affect Energy Intensities Across Provinces in China? Long-Run Elasticities Estimation Using Dynamic Panels with Heterogeneous Slopes. Energy Economics, Vol. 49, 390-401.
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 631-652.
  • Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H. and Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: Pmg Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 4, 408-417.
  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S. and Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and Non-Renewable Energy Demand: A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Countries. Energy, Vol. 170, 832-839.
  • Oral, M. (2018). Küresel Enerji Talebinde Konvansiyonel Olmayan Kaynakların Rolü. Journal of Awareness. Cilt 3, Sayı 5, 279-286.
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özel, B. (2022). Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 47, 1-15.
  • Omri, A. and Nguyen, D. K. (2014). On the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: International Evidence. Energy, Vol. 72, 554-560.
  • Önder, H. ve Gündüz, İ. (2019). Nükleer Enerji Tüketiminin Makro Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 14, No. 51, 18-37.
  • Pasaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, 621-634.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with An Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3, 597-625.
  • Pesaran M.H. and Smith, R.P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol.68, No. 1, 79-113.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. and Yosuf, Z. (2013). An Application of Panel ARDL in Analysing the Dynamics of Financial Development and Economic Growth in 38 Sub-Saharan African Continents. In Proceeding, Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 2, 118-135.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. and Nielsen, I. (2016). Urbanization, Openness, Emissions, and Energy Intensity: A Study of Increasingly Urbanized Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, Vol. 56, 20-28.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A. and Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, Vol. 38, 581-591.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M. A. (2016). How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57, 83-93.
  • Sheng, Y., Shi, X. and Zhang, D. (2013). Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia. Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol. 2, No. 2, 146-152.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 68, No. 1, 101-132.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, No. 6, 709-748.
  • World Coal Association (WCA), ‘’Where Is Coal Found?’’. 14.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found, adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Zhao, P. and Zhang, M. (2018). The Impact of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption: A 30-Year Review in China. Urban Climate, No. 24, 940-953.

Investigation of Fossil Fuel Demand in Selected Country Economies with Panel Data Method

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 113 - 131, 09.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

Abstract

In this study, the determinants of fossil fuel demand are investigated with the current period data in which the globalization process deepens. In the study using panel data methods, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Hungary, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Thailand, Turkey and Ukraine economies were selected as cross-sectional units. While the share of fossil fuels in the total energy resources in the aforementioned 16 countries was 75.47% in 1990, it was 84.23% in 2018. Compared to 1990, total energy imports increased by 388.96% in the economies of the relevant countries in 2018, and a significant part of this increase is due to fossil fuel consumption. This situation can cause significant problems in terms of both current account deficit and environmental quality. In this study, the short- and long-term relationship between fossil fuel demand and economic growth, foreign direct investments, real energy prices, carbon dioxide emissions, urbanization and energy losses for the sample period of 1990-2018 is empirically examined. In the study where Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Mean Group (MG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) estimators from panel data analysis methods are used, Hausman test is used for model choice. Empirical findings indicate that economic growth, real energy prices, foreign direct investment and urbanization reduce fossil fuel demand; On the other hand, it has been shown that carbon dioxide emissions and energy losses play an increasing role in fossil fuel demand.
Key Words: Fossil Fuel Use, Economic Growth, Energy Losses, Energy Importing Countries.
JEL Classification: O13, F43, C23

References

  • Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What and Where?. Energy Economics. Vol. 74, 677-692.
  • Ackah, I. and Kizys, R. (2015). Green Growth in Oil Producing African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis of Renewable Energy Demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 50, 1157-1166.
  • Aguirre, M. and Ibikunle, G. (2014). Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 374-384.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G.S. and Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass Energy, Technological Progress and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Selected European Countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 90, 202-208.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. and Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, 107-112.
  • Antonietti, R. and Fontini, F. (2019), Does Energy Price Affect Energy Efficiency? Cross-Country Panel Evidence, Energy Policy, Vol. 129, 896-906.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence From A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 733-738.
  • Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2014). Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence from A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, Vol. 42, 226-232.
  • Beaumont, R. (2012). An Introduction to Statistics Correlation, http://www.floppybunny.org/ robin/web/virtualclassroom/stats/basics/part9.pdf (07.06.2022)
  • Bildirici, M.E. and Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of Oil Production on Economic Growth in Eurasian Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Energy. Vol. 49, 156-161.
  • Doytch, N. and Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, Vol. 54, 291-301.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries. Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 11, 6991-6999.
  • IMF, 2022. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook, 2015. The International Energy Agency; 2015. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1, 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency, Data and Statistics. 02.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.iea.org/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1, 1-24.
  • Ma, B. (2015). Does Urbanization Affect Energy Intensities Across Provinces in China? Long-Run Elasticities Estimation Using Dynamic Panels with Heterogeneous Slopes. Energy Economics, Vol. 49, 390-401.
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 631-652.
  • Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H. and Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: Pmg Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 2, No. 4, 408-417.
  • Mrabet, Z., Alsamara, M., Saleh, A. S. and Anwar, S. (2019). Urbanization and Non-Renewable Energy Demand: A Comparison of Developed and Emerging Countries. Energy, Vol. 170, 832-839.
  • Oral, M. (2018). Küresel Enerji Talebinde Konvansiyonel Olmayan Kaynakların Rolü. Journal of Awareness. Cilt 3, Sayı 5, 279-286.
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özel, B. (2022). Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 47, 1-15.
  • Omri, A. and Nguyen, D. K. (2014). On the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: International Evidence. Energy, Vol. 72, 554-560.
  • Önder, H. ve Gündüz, İ. (2019). Nükleer Enerji Tüketiminin Makro Ekonomik Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 14, No. 51, 18-37.
  • Pasaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 94, No. 446, 621-634.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 1, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with An Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3, 597-625.
  • Pesaran M.H. and Smith, R.P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol.68, No. 1, 79-113.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. and Yosuf, Z. (2013). An Application of Panel ARDL in Analysing the Dynamics of Financial Development and Economic Growth in 38 Sub-Saharan African Continents. In Proceeding, Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference Vol. 2, 118-135.
  • Rafiq, S., Salim, R. and Nielsen, I. (2016). Urbanization, Openness, Emissions, and Energy Intensity: A Study of Increasingly Urbanized Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, Vol. 56, 20-28.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A. and Shafiei, S. (2014). Urbanization and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Modelling, Vol. 38, 581-591.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K. and Jabran, M. A. (2016). How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57, 83-93.
  • Sheng, Y., Shi, X. and Zhang, D. (2013). Economic Development, Energy Market Integration and Energy Demand: Implications for East Asia. Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol. 2, No. 2, 146-152.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 68, No. 1, 101-132.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, No. 6, 709-748.
  • World Coal Association (WCA), ‘’Where Is Coal Found?’’. 14.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found, adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Zhao, P. and Zhang, M. (2018). The Impact of Urbanisation on Energy Consumption: A 30-Year Review in China. Urban Climate, No. 24, 940-953.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Publication Date March 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbek, S. (2023). Panel Veri Yöntemi ile Seçilmiş Ülke Ekonomilerinde Fosil Yakıt Talebinin İncelenmesi. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 30(1), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1180058

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