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Evaluation of Comparative Advantages of Trade in Service in Türkiye with RCA and TBI Indices

Year 2024, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 47 - 60, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1271294

Abstract

Technological developments in the last quarter century and the increase in the service sector in international trade enable schools to develop their foreign trade policies for service trade. To achieve a competitive advantage in this extended family service trade, it is necessary to determine the countries' comparative advantages. To choose the comparative advantage of Turkiye's service sector in this country between 2013-2021, the TBI index, which was used by RCA and supported the index results, was also included in the study. The data obtained from the survey show that Turkiye has a comparative advantage in maintenance and repair, transportation, travel, insurance and pension, and government goods and services in the relevant period. However, it is not generally observed during the elapsed time in government goods and services and insurance and pension services. On the other hand, while Turkiye has a net exporter position in manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, transportation, travel, and construction services, it is also a net exporter in insurance and pension, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property, telecommunications, computer, and information processing and government goods and services during the relevant period—Importer position. However, some services remain net importers or exporters throughout the period. These results are more sensitive than macro and micro environmental conditions.
Key Words: Trade in Services, Comparative Advanteges, RCA Index, TBI Index, Türkiye
JEL Classification: F14

References

  • Ambroziak, A. A., & Stefaniak, J. (2022). The position of China in trade in services within the European Union. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 335–354. doi:10.24136/oc.2022
  • Appleyard, D. R., & Field Jr., A. J. (2014). International Economics. United States: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalization and “‘revealed” comparative advantage. The Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies, 33(2), 99-123.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1986). Economic Perspectives on Trade in Professional Services. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 4(1), 45-56.
  • Byungtaek, J. (2021). Current state and structure of international trade in services in the Republic of Korea. Внешнеторговая деятельность, 31-44.
  • Clark, C. (1940). The Conditions of Economic Progress. London:MacMillan and Co Limited.
  • Dimanov, D. K. (2021). Comparatıve advantages of greece ın ınternatıonal trade ın servıces for the perıod 2011-2020. Konowledge International Journal, 48(1), 91-95.
  • Dumrul, Y., & Kılıçarslan, Z. (2022). BRICS Ülkelerinin Hizmet Ticaretinde Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükleri. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(1), 99-117. doi:10.25295/fsecon.1034136
  • Eken, A. A., & Yazıcı, D. (2022). Türkiye’nin Hizmet İhracatının Yapısı. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Ekonomi Notları, 1-14. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/4be334e6-af40-439e-a149-3d91d1bba80b/en2204.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-4be334e6-af40-439e-a149-3d91d1bba80b-oh.suVq adresinden alındı
  • Fisher, A. G. B. (1935). The Clash of Progress and Security. London: MacMillan and Co Limited
  • Gaurav, K., & Bharti, N. (2018). India–Japan CEPA: What RCA Index Reveals for Trade in Services? Foreign Trade Review, 53(3), 189–203.
  • Hill, T. P. (1977). On Goods and Services. The Review of Income and Wealth, 315-338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x
  • Hinloopen, J., & Van Marrewijk, C. (2001). On the empirical distribution of the Balassa index. Weltwirtschaftliches archiv, 137(1), 1-35.
  • Judd, R. C. (1964). The case for redefining of services. Journal of Marketing, 28. 59.
  • Lafay, G. (1992). The measurement of revealed comparative advantages. International Trade Modeling. içinde London: Chapman & Hill.
  • Lovelock, C. H. (2011). Towards A Classification of Services. Editors; C. W. Lamb, & P. M. Dunne içinde, Theoretical Developments in Marketing (s. 72-76). Chicago: Marketing Classics Press .
  • Nath, H. K., Liu, L., & Tochkov, K. (2015). Comparative advantages in U.S. bilateral services trade with China and India. Journal of Asian Economics, 79-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2015.04.002
  • Paksoy, Ş. D. (2020). Türkiye’nin seçili ülkeler ile finansal hizmetler sektörü için karşılaştırmalı üstünlükler analizi. III. Uluslararası Kahramanmaraş Yönetim, Ekonomi Ve Siyaset Kongresi (s. 170-184). Kahramanmaraş: Avrasya Sosyo-Ekonomik Araştırmalar Derneği.
  • Rathmell, J. M. (1974). Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge: Winthrop Press.
  • Ricardo, D. (1817). Siyasal İktisadın ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri (6 b.). (B. Zeren, Çev.) İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Shohibul, A. (2013). Revealed comparative advantage measure: ASEAN-China trade flows. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(7), 136-145.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023, Şubat 1). Hizmet Ticaret İstatistikleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı: https://ticaret.gov.tr/hizmet-ticareti/hizmet-ticaret-istatistikleri#:~:text=2019%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%206%2C3%20trilyon,dolar%20seviyesine%20ula%C5%9Fm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%5B1%5D. adresinden alındı
  • Trade Map. (2023). List of exporting markets for a service importing by Türkiye. Trade Map Trade statistics for international business development: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelServiceCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c792%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cS00%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 adresinden alındı
  • Trade Map. (2023). List of importing markets for a service exported by Türkiye. Trade Map Trade statistics for international business development: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelServiceCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c792%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cS00%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 adresinden alındı
  • United Nations Statistics Division. (2016). EBOPS 2010 Overview of the service categories. Regional Seminar on International Trade Statistics, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 26-29 September 2016.
  • Widodo, T. (2009). Comparative Advantage: Theory, Emprical Measures and Case Studies. Review of Economic and Business Studies, 57-81.
  • World Bank . (2022). Service exports (BoP, current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD adresinden alındı
  • World Bank. (2022). Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS adresinden alındı
  • World Bank. (2022). Trade in services (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BG.GSR.NFSV.GD.ZS adresinden alındı
  • Wosiek, R., & Visvizi, A. (2021). The VWRCA Index: Measuring a Country’s Comparative Advantage and Specialization in Services. The Case of Poland. Economies, 9(48), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020048

Türkiye’nin Hizmet Ticaretinin Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlüklerinin RCA ve TBI Endeksleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 47 - 60, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1271294

Abstract

Son çeyrek asırda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler uluslararası ticarette hizmet sektörünün önemini artırarak ülkelerin hizmet ticaretine yönelik dış ticaret politikaları geliştirmelerini sağlamıştır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında hizmet ticaretinde rekabet üstünlüğü sağlanabilmesi için ülkelerin karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin hizmet sektörünün 2013-2021 yılları arasında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünü belirlenebilmesi için RCA endeksi kullanılmış ve endeks sonuçlarını desteklemesi açısından TBI endeksi de çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ilgili dönemde Türkiye’nin bakım ve onarım, taşımacılık, ulaşım, sigorta ve emeklilik ve kamu hizmetlerinde karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak kamu hizmetleri ve sigorta ve emeklilik hizmetlerinde sağlanan karşılaştırmalı üstünlük dönem boyunca kesintisiz olarak gözlemlenmemektedir. Diğer yandan Türkiye, başkalarına ait fiziksel girdiler üzerinde yapılan imalat, taşımacılık, ulaşım ve inşaat hizmetlerinde net ihracatçı konumunda yer alırken yine ilgili dönem boyunca sigorta ve emeklilik, finansal hizmetler, fikri mülkiyet, telekomünikasyon, bilgisayar ve bilgi işlem ve kamu hizmetlerinde ise net ithalatçı konumunda yer almaktadır. Ancak net ithalatçı ya da net ihracatçı konumu dönem boyunca devam etmeyen hizmetler de bulunmaktadır. Bu durum ise bu hizmetlerin makro ve mikro çevre koşullarına göre daha hassas olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hizmet ticareti, Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler, RCA Endeksi, TBI Endeksi, Türkiye
JEL Sınıflandırması: F14

References

  • Ambroziak, A. A., & Stefaniak, J. (2022). The position of China in trade in services within the European Union. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 335–354. doi:10.24136/oc.2022
  • Appleyard, D. R., & Field Jr., A. J. (2014). International Economics. United States: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalization and “‘revealed” comparative advantage. The Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies, 33(2), 99-123.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1986). Economic Perspectives on Trade in Professional Services. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 4(1), 45-56.
  • Byungtaek, J. (2021). Current state and structure of international trade in services in the Republic of Korea. Внешнеторговая деятельность, 31-44.
  • Clark, C. (1940). The Conditions of Economic Progress. London:MacMillan and Co Limited.
  • Dimanov, D. K. (2021). Comparatıve advantages of greece ın ınternatıonal trade ın servıces for the perıod 2011-2020. Konowledge International Journal, 48(1), 91-95.
  • Dumrul, Y., & Kılıçarslan, Z. (2022). BRICS Ülkelerinin Hizmet Ticaretinde Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükleri. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(1), 99-117. doi:10.25295/fsecon.1034136
  • Eken, A. A., & Yazıcı, D. (2022). Türkiye’nin Hizmet İhracatının Yapısı. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Ekonomi Notları, 1-14. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/4be334e6-af40-439e-a149-3d91d1bba80b/en2204.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-4be334e6-af40-439e-a149-3d91d1bba80b-oh.suVq adresinden alındı
  • Fisher, A. G. B. (1935). The Clash of Progress and Security. London: MacMillan and Co Limited
  • Gaurav, K., & Bharti, N. (2018). India–Japan CEPA: What RCA Index Reveals for Trade in Services? Foreign Trade Review, 53(3), 189–203.
  • Hill, T. P. (1977). On Goods and Services. The Review of Income and Wealth, 315-338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x
  • Hinloopen, J., & Van Marrewijk, C. (2001). On the empirical distribution of the Balassa index. Weltwirtschaftliches archiv, 137(1), 1-35.
  • Judd, R. C. (1964). The case for redefining of services. Journal of Marketing, 28. 59.
  • Lafay, G. (1992). The measurement of revealed comparative advantages. International Trade Modeling. içinde London: Chapman & Hill.
  • Lovelock, C. H. (2011). Towards A Classification of Services. Editors; C. W. Lamb, & P. M. Dunne içinde, Theoretical Developments in Marketing (s. 72-76). Chicago: Marketing Classics Press .
  • Nath, H. K., Liu, L., & Tochkov, K. (2015). Comparative advantages in U.S. bilateral services trade with China and India. Journal of Asian Economics, 79-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2015.04.002
  • Paksoy, Ş. D. (2020). Türkiye’nin seçili ülkeler ile finansal hizmetler sektörü için karşılaştırmalı üstünlükler analizi. III. Uluslararası Kahramanmaraş Yönetim, Ekonomi Ve Siyaset Kongresi (s. 170-184). Kahramanmaraş: Avrasya Sosyo-Ekonomik Araştırmalar Derneği.
  • Rathmell, J. M. (1974). Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge: Winthrop Press.
  • Ricardo, D. (1817). Siyasal İktisadın ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri (6 b.). (B. Zeren, Çev.) İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Shohibul, A. (2013). Revealed comparative advantage measure: ASEAN-China trade flows. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(7), 136-145.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023, Şubat 1). Hizmet Ticaret İstatistikleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı: https://ticaret.gov.tr/hizmet-ticareti/hizmet-ticaret-istatistikleri#:~:text=2019%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%206%2C3%20trilyon,dolar%20seviyesine%20ula%C5%9Fm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%5B1%5D. adresinden alındı
  • Trade Map. (2023). List of exporting markets for a service importing by Türkiye. Trade Map Trade statistics for international business development: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelServiceCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c792%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cS00%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 adresinden alındı
  • Trade Map. (2023). List of importing markets for a service exported by Türkiye. Trade Map Trade statistics for international business development: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelServiceCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c792%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cS00%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 adresinden alındı
  • United Nations Statistics Division. (2016). EBOPS 2010 Overview of the service categories. Regional Seminar on International Trade Statistics, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 26-29 September 2016.
  • Widodo, T. (2009). Comparative Advantage: Theory, Emprical Measures and Case Studies. Review of Economic and Business Studies, 57-81.
  • World Bank . (2022). Service exports (BoP, current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD adresinden alındı
  • World Bank. (2022). Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS adresinden alındı
  • World Bank. (2022). Trade in services (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BG.GSR.NFSV.GD.ZS adresinden alındı
  • Wosiek, R., & Visvizi, A. (2021). The VWRCA Index: Measuring a Country’s Comparative Advantage and Specialization in Services. The Case of Poland. Economies, 9(48), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020048
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Dilan Özdemir 0000-0002-1390-5162

Publication Date March 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 31 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdemir, D. (2024). Evaluation of Comparative Advantages of Trade in Service in Türkiye with RCA and TBI Indices. Journal of Management and Economics, 31(1), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1271294