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İklim Değişikliğinin Jeopolitik Etkileri: Arktik Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 67 - 83, 12.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1502974

Abstract

İklim değişikliği uzun zamandır birçok politikacı ve sıradan insan tarafından büyük bir sorun olarak kabul ediliyor. Dünya ekosistemindeki bu değişim, dünya üzerindeki canlılar üzerindeki etkilerinin yanı sıra küresel anlamda dünya jeopolitiği üzerinde de ciddi etkilere sahiptir. Önümüzdeki yıllarda iklim değişikliğinin etkileri arttıkça, bu durumun özellikle denizlerde büyük küresel jeopolitik değişimlere neden olması kaçınılmaz görünüyor. Kuşkusuz bu değişimlerin başında küresel ticaret yollarının değişmesi, deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi nedeniyle yerlerinden göç etmek zorunda kalan insanlar gibi birçok sorunun olması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca tarım alanlarının azalması ve tarımsal üretimin azalmasına bağlı olarak açlık ve gıda tedarik sorunlarının yaşanma olasılığı giderek artmaktadır. Tabii ki mevcut sorunlar ve beklenen sorunlar bunlarla sınırlı görünmemektedir. Ayrıca Arktik bölgede yaşanacak iklim değişikliklerinin küresel deniz ticaret yollarının değişmesine neden olması ve bu durumda jeopolitik açıdan birçok ülke üzerinde ve uluslararası politik sistemde ciddi etkilerinin olması beklenmektedir
Bu araştırmada İklim değişikliğinin küresel ve jeopolitik açıdan neden olduğu ve olabileceği potansiyel etkiler ve sorunları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca iklim değişikliği ile jeopolitik arasındaki ilişki ortaya konularak iklim değişikliği sonrasında Arktik bölgede oluşması beklenen yeni uluslararası ticaret yolunun jeopolitik etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanında Arktik bölgede buzulların erimesi sonrasında ortaya çıkacak enerji kaynaklarının küresel politikaya etkileri analiz edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İklim Değişikliği, Küresel Politika, Arktik Bölge, Kuzey Rotası, Kuzey Kutbu'ndaki Doğal Kaynaklar, İklim Değişikliğinin Ticaret Yollarına Etkileri
JEL Sınıflandırması: F5

Ethical Statement

Makalenin tüm süreçlerinde Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi'nin araştırma ve yayın etiği ilkelerine uygun olarak hareket edilmiştir

References

  • Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), “Effects on Global Shipping and Trade-the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route”, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/effects-on-global-shippingand-trade-the-northwest-passage-and-the-northern-sea-route/938, (Retrieved: 10.06.2024)
  • Baede, A.P.M. (2007). The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., Eds.; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2007; pp. 941–954.
  • Barnett, J. (2007). “The Geopolitics of Climate Change”, Geography Compass, Vol. 1, Iss. 6, 1361–1375, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00066.x Bekkers, E, Francois, J., F., and Romagosa, H. R.- (2015). Melting Ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, 1-48.
  • Brown, O. (2008). “Migration and Climate Change”, International Organization for Migration, Migration Research Series No: 31, Geneva, pp.1-61, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mrs-31_en.pdf
  • Climate Indicators, (2021), https://climate.copernicus.eu/climate-indicators/sea-level, (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Ebinger, C. K., and Zambetakis, E. (2009). “The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt” International Affairs, Vol. 85, Iss.6, 1215–1232, Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00858.x
  • Global Sea-level Rise and Implications: (2023). https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sea-level-rise-and-implications-wmo/print_manually (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Gül, T. (2014) “Arktik’teki Rusya: Sorun ve İşbirliği Arasındaki Gel-Git”, Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (BİLGESAM) Analiz/Rusya, No: 1167, 1-7
  • Harunoğulları, M. (2020). “Enerji Dağıtım Merkezi Perspektifinden Türkiye’nin Enerji Jeopolitiği”, Mukaddime, 11(1), pp. 177-211. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.550689
  • Hsu, A., Rosengarten, C., Weinfurter A. and Xie, Y. (2017). “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries: Contributions to Reducing Global Emissions”, United Nations Environment Programme, https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/renewable-energyand-energy-efficiency-developing-countries-contributions-0, (Retrieved: 11.06.2024)
  • IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Chapter 3, (2021). Human Influence on the Atmosphere and Surface, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_03.pdf (Retrieved: 11.06.2024)
  • İşcan, H. (2004). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler ve Çağdaş Yansımaları”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(2), 2004, pp.47-79
  • Kakışım, C. (2021). New Energy Geopolitics Shaped By Energy Transition: The Energy Balance For Rare Earth Elements And Critical Minerals. Avrasya Etüdleri (60), 5-28.
  • Kazokoğlu,C.. (2014) “8 ülkenin gözü neden 'Kutup Bölgesi'nde?”, (February 20, 2014), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2014/02/140220_kutup_dairesi_enerji (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Limon, O. (2020). “Effects of Emergence of New Energy Basins on Arctic Geopolitical Position” Ph.D. dissertation, Trakya University.
  • McCannon, J, (2012). A History of the Arctic, Nature, Exploration, and Exploration, London: Reaktion Books. McPherson, Stephanie S. 2015. Arctic Thaw: Climate Change and the Global Race for Energy Resources, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books.
  • Myers, N., (2005) “Environmental Refugees: An emergent security issue”, 13th Economic Forum, Prague, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/3/14851.pdf (Retrieved: 19.08.2024).
  • Nguyen, H.M.; Ouillon, S.; Vu, V.D. Sea Level Variation and Trend Analysis by Comparing Mann–Kendall Test and Innovative Trend Analysis in Front of the Red River Delta, Vietnam (1961–2020). Water 2022, 14, 1709. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w14111709
  • Østreng, W., (2010). “On the Geopolitical Significance of the Arctic States” http://www.arctis-search.com/On+the+Geopolitical+Significance+of+the+Arctic+States (Retrieved: 12.06.2024).
  • Palacios, A. (2020). “The Geopolitical Implications of A Changing Climate” (May 7, 2020), https://www.campdenfb.com/article/geopolitical-implications-changing-climate (Retrieved: 18.06.2024).
  • Perry, C. M., and Andersen, B. (2012). New Strategic Dynamics in the Arctic Region, Cambridge: The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis
  • Ross, J. E. 2014. “Global Warning: The Arctic Meltdown”. Ocean Graphic Magazine, Vol. 30, Iss.10, 97-164.
  • Ruske, K. D. and Kauschke, P. (2011). “Securing the Supply Chain” Transportation & Logistics 2030, Iss. 4, 6-50
  • Snape, T. J. and Forste, P. M. (2014). “Decline of Arctic Sea Ice: Evaluation and Weighting of CMIP5 Projections” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Iss. 119, 546–554, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020593
  • Tandon, A. (2021). Melting glaciers drove 21% of sea level rise over the past two decades, (April 28, 2021) https://www.carbonbrief.org/melting-glaciers-drove-21-of-sea-level-rise-over-past-two-decades/ (Retrieved: 19.08.2024).
  • US Geological Survey, (2008). “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of Arctic Circle, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf (Retrieved: 18.06.2024).
  • Yılmaz, Nihat and Çiftçi, Ali. (2013). “Arktika Bölgesi’nin Siyasal Önemi ve Siyasal ve Hukuksal Statüsünün Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirmesi”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Iss.31, 1-16.

Geopolitical Impacts of Climate Change: Arctic Case

Year 2025, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 67 - 83, 12.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1502974

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Climate change has long been considered a big problem by many politicians and ordinary people. This change in the world ecosystem has serious effects on world geopolitics in a global sense, as well as its effects on living things on Earth. As the effects of climate change increase in the coming years, it seems inevitable that this will cause major global geopolitical changes, especially in the seas. Undoubtedly, many problems are expected to arise from these changes, such as changes in global trade routes and people forced to migrate due to sea level rise. In addition, the possibility of experiencing hunger and food supply problems is increasing due to the decrease in agricultural areas and production. Of course, current and expected problems do not seem to be limited to these. In addition, it is expected that climate changes in the Arctic region will cause changes in global maritime trade routes, which will have serious geopolitical effects on many countries and the international political system.
In this research, the potential effects and problems caused by climate change in global and geopolitical terms are examined. In addition, the relationship between climate change and geopolitics is revealed, and the geopolitical effects of the new international trade route are expected to be formed at the North Pole after climate change is revealed. In addition, the effects of energy resources that will emerge after the melting of glaciers in the Arctic region on global politics have been analyzed.
Key Words: Climate Change, Global Politics, Arctic Region, Northern Route, Natural Resources in the Arctic, Effects of Climate Change on Trade Routes
JEL Classification: F5

References

  • Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), “Effects on Global Shipping and Trade-the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route”, https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/effects-on-global-shippingand-trade-the-northwest-passage-and-the-northern-sea-route/938, (Retrieved: 10.06.2024)
  • Baede, A.P.M. (2007). The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., Eds.; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2007; pp. 941–954.
  • Barnett, J. (2007). “The Geopolitics of Climate Change”, Geography Compass, Vol. 1, Iss. 6, 1361–1375, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00066.x Bekkers, E, Francois, J., F., and Romagosa, H. R.- (2015). Melting Ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, 1-48.
  • Brown, O. (2008). “Migration and Climate Change”, International Organization for Migration, Migration Research Series No: 31, Geneva, pp.1-61, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mrs-31_en.pdf
  • Climate Indicators, (2021), https://climate.copernicus.eu/climate-indicators/sea-level, (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Ebinger, C. K., and Zambetakis, E. (2009). “The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt” International Affairs, Vol. 85, Iss.6, 1215–1232, Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00858.x
  • Global Sea-level Rise and Implications: (2023). https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-sea-level-rise-and-implications-wmo/print_manually (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Gül, T. (2014) “Arktik’teki Rusya: Sorun ve İşbirliği Arasındaki Gel-Git”, Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (BİLGESAM) Analiz/Rusya, No: 1167, 1-7
  • Harunoğulları, M. (2020). “Enerji Dağıtım Merkezi Perspektifinden Türkiye’nin Enerji Jeopolitiği”, Mukaddime, 11(1), pp. 177-211. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.550689
  • Hsu, A., Rosengarten, C., Weinfurter A. and Xie, Y. (2017). “Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries: Contributions to Reducing Global Emissions”, United Nations Environment Programme, https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/renewable-energyand-energy-efficiency-developing-countries-contributions-0, (Retrieved: 11.06.2024)
  • IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Chapter 3, (2021). Human Influence on the Atmosphere and Surface, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_03.pdf (Retrieved: 11.06.2024)
  • İşcan, H. (2004). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler ve Çağdaş Yansımaları”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(2), 2004, pp.47-79
  • Kakışım, C. (2021). New Energy Geopolitics Shaped By Energy Transition: The Energy Balance For Rare Earth Elements And Critical Minerals. Avrasya Etüdleri (60), 5-28.
  • Kazokoğlu,C.. (2014) “8 ülkenin gözü neden 'Kutup Bölgesi'nde?”, (February 20, 2014), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2014/02/140220_kutup_dairesi_enerji (Retrieved: 12.06.2024)
  • Limon, O. (2020). “Effects of Emergence of New Energy Basins on Arctic Geopolitical Position” Ph.D. dissertation, Trakya University.
  • McCannon, J, (2012). A History of the Arctic, Nature, Exploration, and Exploration, London: Reaktion Books. McPherson, Stephanie S. 2015. Arctic Thaw: Climate Change and the Global Race for Energy Resources, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books.
  • Myers, N., (2005) “Environmental Refugees: An emergent security issue”, 13th Economic Forum, Prague, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/3/14851.pdf (Retrieved: 19.08.2024).
  • Nguyen, H.M.; Ouillon, S.; Vu, V.D. Sea Level Variation and Trend Analysis by Comparing Mann–Kendall Test and Innovative Trend Analysis in Front of the Red River Delta, Vietnam (1961–2020). Water 2022, 14, 1709. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w14111709
  • Østreng, W., (2010). “On the Geopolitical Significance of the Arctic States” http://www.arctis-search.com/On+the+Geopolitical+Significance+of+the+Arctic+States (Retrieved: 12.06.2024).
  • Palacios, A. (2020). “The Geopolitical Implications of A Changing Climate” (May 7, 2020), https://www.campdenfb.com/article/geopolitical-implications-changing-climate (Retrieved: 18.06.2024).
  • Perry, C. M., and Andersen, B. (2012). New Strategic Dynamics in the Arctic Region, Cambridge: The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis
  • Ross, J. E. 2014. “Global Warning: The Arctic Meltdown”. Ocean Graphic Magazine, Vol. 30, Iss.10, 97-164.
  • Ruske, K. D. and Kauschke, P. (2011). “Securing the Supply Chain” Transportation & Logistics 2030, Iss. 4, 6-50
  • Snape, T. J. and Forste, P. M. (2014). “Decline of Arctic Sea Ice: Evaluation and Weighting of CMIP5 Projections” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Iss. 119, 546–554, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020593
  • Tandon, A. (2021). Melting glaciers drove 21% of sea level rise over the past two decades, (April 28, 2021) https://www.carbonbrief.org/melting-glaciers-drove-21-of-sea-level-rise-over-past-two-decades/ (Retrieved: 19.08.2024).
  • US Geological Survey, (2008). “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of Arctic Circle, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf (Retrieved: 18.06.2024).
  • Yılmaz, Nihat and Çiftçi, Ali. (2013). “Arktika Bölgesi’nin Siyasal Önemi ve Siyasal ve Hukuksal Statüsünün Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirmesi”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Iss.31, 1-16.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Ecology, Environmental Politics, International Politics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mesut Şöhret 0000-0003-4052-9286

Publication Date March 12, 2025
Submission Date June 20, 2024
Acceptance Date February 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şöhret, M. (2025). Geopolitical Impacts of Climate Change: Arctic Case. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 32(1), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1502974