A Review of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey

Abstract

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) constitute a major part of the economies of both developed and developing countries. SMEs play a very important role in the Turkish economy as well. They make up 91.9 percent of all enterprises, represent 78 percent of all employment and constitute 55 percent of GDP and 50 percent of total investment. Definitely, supporting the SMEs can provide a sustainable and balanced economic growth. Their integral role within an economy has become a source of inspiration for several academicians to study SMEs from different perspectives. This paper aims to categorize and summarize these studies. The fields of categorization are “Economic Growth, Finance and Risk, Management, Innovation, Supports, Industries and Globalization and Internationalization”. Information about the sources of data are also provided.  

Keywords

• Small and Medium Sized Enterprises,Turkey

A Review of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey

Abstract

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) constitute a major part of the economies of both developed and developing countries. SMEs play a very important role in the Turkish economy as well. They make up 91.9 percent of all enterprises, represent 78 percent of all employment and constitute 55 percent of GDP and 50 percent of total investment. Definitely, supporting the SMEs can provide a sustainable and balanced economic growth. Their integral role within an economy has become a source of inspiration for several academicians to study SMEs from different perspectives. This paper aims to categorize and summarize these studies. The fields of categorization are “Economic Growth, Finance and Risk, Management, Innovation, Supports, Industries and Globalization and Internationalization”. Information about the sources of data are also provided.  

Keywords

• Kobi,Türkiye

References

1. Aksu, B., Koç, H., & Karademir, D. (2011). An evaluation on growth potential of the small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in Turkish furniture industry. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(13), 2957-2965.
2. Albaum, G., Strandskov, J., Duerr, E. & Dowd (1994). International marketing and export marketing. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
3. Altıntaş, H. ve Özdemir, E. (2006). Internalization of export businesses: A research on smes operating in Turkey. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, Issue:1, 183-204.
4. Altıntaş, M. H., Altıntaş, F. Ç., & Tokol, T. (2006). The impacts of e-commerce barriers on e- commerce adoption intentions: An empirical analysis of exporting smes in Turkey. Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Political Science, 61(4).
5. Altunç, Ö. F. (2008), An empirical analysis of the causality between financial growth and economic growth in Turkey. Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Economics and Adminitrative Sciences, 3(2), 113-127.
6. Apak, S., & Atay, E. (2014). Global innovation and knowledge management practice in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey and the Balkans. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 1260-1266. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.142
7. Aras, G. ve Müslümov, A. (2002). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisinde Kobi’lerin Yeri: Finansman, Ekonomik Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri. 21. yüzyılda Kobi’ler Sempozyumu, KKTC.
8. Armatlı-Köroğlu, B. (2005). Innovativeness in industrial districts of Turkey and indicators of innovation activities in SMEs. Gazi University Journal of Science, 18(4), 693-706.

9. Aslan , S & Elçi , H. (2009). SME’S rating system and process in Turkey according to the Basel II settlements. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 2(4), 77-94
10. Atik, A. (2010). SME’s Views on the adoption and application of “IFRS for SMEs” in Turkey. European Research Studies, XIII(4), 19-32
11. Başçavuşoğlu-Moreau, E., & Colakoglu, M. (2013). Impact of SME policies on innovation capabilities: The Turkish case. In I. H. Yetkiner (Ed.), Industrial dynamics innovation policy, and economic growth through technological advancements (pp.159-184). Hershey,PA: IGI Global.
12. Bayrakdaroğlu, A., & Şan, F. B. (2014). Financial literacy training as a strategic management tool among small – medium sized businesses operating in Turkey. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 148-155. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.019
13. Bozdemir, E. (2014). Detection and evaluations on the application process of Turkey financial reporting standard for SMEs. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, 0(12).
14. Cakova, U. & Önder, Z. (2011). Capital structure determinants of Turkish SMEs in manufacturing industry. Unpublished master’s thesis. İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University. Ankara
15. Caner, S & Karan, M. .B. (2012). Screening creditworthiness of SME's: The case of small business assistance in Turkey. Multinational Finance Journal, 16(1/2), 1-20
16. Ceylan, S. ve Durkaya, M. (2010). The relationship between credit usage and economic growth in Turkey. Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Adminitrative Sciences, 24(2): 21-33.
17. Ceylan, A. and T. Korkmaz, (2002). SMEs going public and a survey of Bursa region. 21.Yüzyılda Kobi’ler: Sorunlar, Fırsatlar ve Çözüm Önerileri Konulu Sempozyum, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazi Magusa, TRNC, January 3-5.
18. Civan, M, Körpi, M & Buyuran, B. (2010). International financial reporting standards for SMEs and the applicatıon process in Turkey. 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 92-100
19. Çakici, A., ve Özer, B.Ş. (2008). Definition and obstacles of institutionalisation by the views of managers and owners of SMEs operating in Mersin. Celal Bayar University Journalof Economics and Adminitrative Sciences, 15(1), Manisa
20. Çatal, M. F. (2007). Bölgesel Kalkinmada Küçük ve Orta Boy İşletmelerin (Kobi) Rolü. Atatürk University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 10(2).
21. Çelik, A.K., Talaş, E. & Akbaba, A.İ. (2013). A sectoral hierarchical clustering of SMEs in Turkey with respect to general support programs. Review of European Studies, 5(5):84-96.
22. Çelikdemir, N. Ç. (2011). Small and medium sized enterprises and assessment for financial institutions in the basel process in Turkey. Journal of Financial Researches and Studies, 2(4).
23. Çelikkol, H, Çelikkol, M. .M & Koç, Y. .D. (2008). The new dimension of commercial banking: SME banking and Turkish case. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (21), 253-272
24. Çetinel, F., Yolal, M., & Emeksiz, M. (2008). Human resources management in small- and medium-sized hotels in Turkey. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 8(1), 43-63. doi:10.1080/15332840802274437
25. Çetiner, O., & Bayulgen, C. (2010). A small size enterprise-example in construction sector. Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai-Negotia, (2), 23-34.
26. Cranfield Network on Strategic International Human Resource Management-CRANET-G 1999– 2000 Survey
27. Çil, U. (2014). The standpoint of manufacturer SMEs for EU membership in Turkey. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 16(27), 19-27
28. De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. J., & Crijns, H. (2005). The internationalization of small and medium-sized firms. Small Business Economics, 24(4), 409-419.
29. Derelioğlu, G & Gürgen, F. (2011). Knowledge discovery using neural approach for SME’s credit risk analysis problem in Turkey. Expert Systems with Application, (38), 9313- 9318
30. Elci, S. (2011), "Leveraging Training Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of OSTIM Organised Industrial Zone, Turkey", OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers, No. 2011/16, OECD Publishing, Paris. Emre, C. (1998). Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye’de Bilim – Sosyal Bilimler II. Science in Turkey During Republic Era-Social Sciences II. Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi,1998
31. Erdem, E., Korkut, D. S., & Duru, M. N. (2010). Sales and marketing problems of small and medium sized forest products enterprises in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 4(7), 1416.
32. Gül, H., Kandemir, T., & Çakır, E. (2010). Risk and uncertainty expectations of small business: The case of Karaman. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 120- 144.
33. Gülmez, Mustafa ve İlkay N. Yalman (2010). Teşviklerinin Bölgesel Kalkınmaya Etkileri: Sivas İli Örneği. Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Adminitrative Sciences, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 2, 2010.
34. Günhan, S. (2011). Analyzing business management and technology characteristics of small and medium sized architectural design firms in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 5(22), 9007.
35. Gürak, H. (2001). Turkısh small & medium sızed enterprıses- A case study: Nazilli (NTO Working Paper-2)
36. Güzeldere, H & Sarıoğlu, S. .E. (2014). Financing problems and use of bank credits of small and medium sized enterprises in Turkey: evaluation of a survey implemented on SMEs operating in Istanbul. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 1(3), 218-236
37. Haykır Hobikoğlu, E & Hacıoğlu Deniz, M. (2012). Effects of the tendency of alternative energy usage of small and medium sized enterprises on their productivity: A research on IMES and TUZLA industrial parks. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, ( ), 218-224
38. Kuyucu, A. D. H. (2011). Exploring Policy-Formulation for SMEs in Cloud Computing: The Case of Turkey. IBIMA Business Review.
39. Hiziroglu, A., & Cebeci, H. İ. (2013). A Conceptual Framework of a Cloud-Based Customer Analytics Tool for Retail SMEs. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 1(2).
40. İlgün, E. Muratovic, A. (2013). Export Capabilities From Small and Medium Enterprises in Turkey. IJARBSS International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(8). doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v3-i8/172
41. İlhan, S. (2006). SMEs: A socio-economical perspective. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 16(2), 269-289.
42. Işık, S. İ. (2005). Strengthening Turkish small and medium size enterprises and promoting entrepreneurship in the light of European Union policies (Doctoral Dissertation, Mıddle East Technıcal Unıversıty).
43. Jenkins, H & Hussain, M. (2014). An analysis of the macroeconomic conditions required for sme lending: The case of Turkey. Development Discussion Paper, (06),1-29
44. Kar, Muhsin ve Eric J. Pentecost; (2000). Financial development and economic growth in Turkey: Further evidence on the causality issue. Economic Research Paper, No: 00/27.
45. Karadağ, H. (2015). The role and challenges of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies: An analysis from Turkey. BMS Business and Management Studies, 1(2). doi:10.11114/bms.v1i2.1049
46. Karartı, T. (2014). Concvergence or divergence? Analysis of human resource practices in SME Turkey. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Review, 2(2), 122-137. Retrieved April 20, 2016
47. Karatas, A., & Helvacioglu, A. D. (2008, October). The microcredit strategies for SMES in Turkey in the eu harmonization process. In 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics in Florence.
48. Kaya, E. (2005). The implementation of the IPPC directive to SMEs in textile industry in Turkey, (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Lund University, Retrieved from www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/04.05/theses/eda_kaya.pdf
49. Kaya, S., & Alpkan, L. (2012). Problems and solution proposals for SMEs in Turkey. Emaj EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 2(2). doi:10.5195/emaj.2012.26
50. Kaygusuz, İpek; (2008). Relation between economic growth and institutional, individual credits. (Unpublished Master's Thesis), ITU Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
51. Kendirli, S. (2010). Globalization of financial markets and reflexion to Turkish small and medium size enterprises (SME): Basel II. Journal of Finance and Accountancy, 3, 1.
52. Keskin, H & Şentürk, C. (2010). The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (Smes) in economies: Swot analyses of the SME sector in Turkey and Albania. Niğde University Journal of Economics and Adminitrative Sciences, 3(1), 116- 132
53. Kılıç, M, Uyar, A & Ataman, B. (2014). Preparedness for and perception of IFRS for SMEs: evidence from Turkey. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 13(3), 492- 519
54. Korkut, D. S., Erdem, E., & Duru, M. N. (2010). The analysis of small and medium-sized forest products enterprises in Turkey based on production, capacity usage, machine park and technology. African Journal of Business Management, 4(7), 1408.
55. KOSGEB T.C Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri Geliştirme ve Destekleme İdaresi Başkanlığı. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from http://www.kosgeb.gov.tr/
56. Murphy, K. J. (1999). Executive compensation. Handbook of labor economics, 3, 2485-2563.
57. Müftüoğlu, T. (2009). Sme support policies in Turkey after 1990 (Review, evaluation and suggestions).
58. Müslümov, A. (2002). Türkiye'de halka açılan KOBİ boyutunda işletmelerin büyük ölçekli işletmelerden farklılaşımı ve sermaye piyasalarının KOBİ'ler açısından önemi. 21. Yüzyılda KOBİler: Sorunlar, Fırsatlar ve Çözüm Önerileri Sempozyumu 3 - 4 Ocak 2002. Gazimagusa: Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi.
59. Napier, G., Serger, S. S., & Hansson, E. W. (2004). Strengthening innovation and technology policies for SME development in Turkey–opportunities for private sector involvement. In International Organization for Knowledge Economy and Enterprise Development Background Document for Seminar.
60. Nurrachmi, Rininta - Abd Samad, Khairunnisa - Foughali, Ibrahim (2012). The development of SMEs in Turkey. MPRA Paper, No. 46817, pp.1-23.
61. Onur, Sara (2005). Finansal Liberalizasyon ve GSMH Büyümesi Arasındaki İlişki. Zonguldak Karaelmas University Journal of Social Sciences, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, s. 127– 152.
62. Özar, Ş, Özertan, G & İrfanoğlu, Z.B. (2008). Micro and small enterprise growth in Turkey: Under the shadow of financial crisis. The Developing Economies, XLVI(4), 331-62
63. Özçelik, A. O. & Aydinli, F. (2006). Strategic role of HRM in Turkey: A three-country comparative analysis. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(4), 310 – 327
64. Özçelik, E., & Taymaz, E. (2004). Does innovativeness matter for international competitiveness in developing countries?: The case of Turkish manufacturing industries. Research Policy, 33(3), 409–424.
65. Özdemir, S., Ersöz, H. Y., & SARIOĞLU, H. İ. (2007). The increasing importance of small entrepreneurship and SMEs in Turkish economy. The Conference Journal of Social Policy, (53).
66. Özer, F., & Tınaztepe, C. (2014). Effect of strategic leadership styles on firm performance: A study in a Turkish SME. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 778-784. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.059
67. Öztürk, M. .B, Ege, .Ö & Ban, .Ü. (2010). Basel II Düzenlemesinin Kobiler Üzerine Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Celal Bayar University The Journal of Social Sciences ,8(2), 115-134
68. Penpece, Dilek (2014). The effect of socio-demografic variables on entreprenerial marketing among potential SME owners: A case study in Turkey. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance, Volume.3, Issue.2
69. Peres, W. & Stumpo, G. (2000). Small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Latin America and the Caribbean under the new economic model. World Development 28:9
70. Pişkinsüt, E. (2011). Girişimciliğin Türkiye'deki Ekonomik Kalkınmaya Etkileri: Kobi Örneği. Journal of Sociological Research, 14(2).
71. Poroy Arsoy, A & Bora, T. (2012). Development of IFRS for SMEs and a research on Turkey practice. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, ( ), 17-28
72. Rouach, D. & Santi, P. (2001). Competitive intelligence adds value: 5 intelligence attitudes. European Management Journal,19(5), 552-59
73. Sağ, M. A., & Bilsel, S. G. (2014, November). Social change and entrepreneurship in Turkey: A review of national development policies. In ERSA conference papers (No. ersa14p1557). European Regional Science Association.
74. Sözer, S. (2004). An evaluation of current human resource management practices in the Turkish private sector. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Ankara: Middle East Technical University
75. Sullivan, D. (1994). Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 325-342.
76. Şahin, A & Doğukanlı, H. (2014). The impact of foreign bank entry on SME loans: An investigation for Turkey. Journal of BRSA Banking and Financial Markets, 8(2), 39- 73
77. Şencay, B. (2015). Culture of entrepreneurship and SMEs in Gaziantep. RAJ The Russian Academic Journal, 31(1). doi:10.15535/367
78. Şengül, S. Ç, Sakarya, A. O., Kaya, H. V., & Kahraman, Z. E. (2015). A system design for facilitating human resource decisions in small and medium sized enterprises in Turkey. Ujm Universal Journal of Management, 3(6), 230-239. doi:10.13189/ujm.2015.030603
79. Şengün, A. E., & Önder, Ç. (2011). The conditional impact of competence trust on inter- firm learning in a collectivist SME context. Industry & Innovation Industry and Innovation, 18(8), 791-812. doi:10.1080/13662716.2011.621746
80. Taymaz, E. (2001). Small and medium sized enterprises in Turkish manufacturing industries. Journal of Economic Cooperation, 22(1), 43-72
81. Tektas, A., Gunay, E. N., Karatas, A., & Kuyucu, A. D. H. (2008). ICT capability and innovation utilization in Turkish SMEs: The case of machinery industry. Innovation and Knowledge Management in Business Globalization: Theory & Practice, Vols, 1, 796-803.
82. Tutar, F, Ünlüleblebici, Y . (2014). Economic growth effects of SME loans in Turkey (2006- 2011). Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 3 (5), 1-14. Retrieved from http://sinop.dergipark.gov.tr/gumusgjebs/issue/7493/98716
83. Türedi, S. and Berber, M. (2010). The relationship between financial development, trade openness and economic growth: An analysis on Turkey. Erciyes Unıversity Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 35: 301-316.
84. Türker, M. V., & Inel, M. N. (2013). Is it enough to be entrepreneurial? Enhancing the ‘value added’ created by SMEs in Turkey through innovation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 397-406. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.044
85. Türkoğlu, M. (2002). Küçük ve orta büyüklükteki işletmeler (KOBİ'ler) in bölgesel kalkınmaya etkileri ve bölgesel kalkınmada kobi temelli stratejiler. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 7(1), 277-300.
86. Türkoğlu, M., & Çelikkaya, S. (2011). R & D support for small and medium size enterprises. Akdeniz University International Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business, 3(2), 56-71.
87. Türköz, P., & Kösekahyaoğlu, L. (2008). Sme’s financial problems and banks’ method of approach to sme’s Isparta case study. (Unpublished master's thesis). Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Economics
88. Ulusoy, A & Akarsu, R. (2012). Support for SME’s in Turkey and its influence on employment. Kocaeli University Journal of the Instıtute of Social Sciences, (23), 105 126
89. Usdiken, B. (1996). Importing theories of management and organization: The case of Turkish academia. International Studies of Management and Organization, 26 (3), 33- 46,1996
90. Wright, S., Bisson, C., & Duffy, A. P. (2012). Applying a behavioural and operational diagnostic typology of competitive intelligence practice: Empirical evidence from the SME sector in Turkey. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 20(1), 19-33. doi:10.1080/0965254x.2011.628450
91. Yapraklı, S. (2007). Enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için eş- bütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Atatürk University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 10(2).
92. Yener, M., Doğruoğlu, B., & Ergun, S. (2014). Challenges of internationalization for SMEs and overcoming these challenges: A case study from Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 2-11. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.002
93. Yıldız, S. ve Alp, S. (2012). The effects of small and medium sized enterprises on the economy and the factors affecting their competition conditions in accordance with entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development,7(2).