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Covid-19 Pandemisinin Farklı Kaygı Düzeyleri Açısından Çalışanlar Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 30 - 40, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.1146869

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Covid-19 salgını süresince özel sektör ve kamu sektörü çalışanları arasındaki ekonomik, sağlık, rutin değişikliği ve izolasyon kaygı (anksiyete) düzeylerini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Spielberger Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri'nden (STAI) çevrimiçi bir anket uyarlanmış ve her iki sektörden 1111 katılımcıya gönderilmiştir. Ekonomik kaygının özel sektör çalışanları üzerinde kamu çalışanlarına göre daha fazla etkisi olurken, sağlık kaygısının kamu sektörü çalışanları üzerinde daha baskın etkilerinin olacağı hipotezi öne sürülmüştür. Bu gruplar arasındaki ortalama farklılıkların anlamlılık düzeyini test etmek için bağımsız örneklem t testi ve üç veya daha fazla grup arasındaki ortalama farklılıkların anlamlılık düzeyini test etmek için tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. T testi sonuçları özel sektör çalışanlarının ortalamada kamu sektörü çalışanlarına göre daha yüksek düzeyde ekonomik kaygı yaşadıklarını ve iki grup arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sağlık anksiyetesi açısından sektörler arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamazken, her iki sektörde de diğer tüm kaygı düzeyleri arasında rutin değişikliği anksiyetesinin ortalamada daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Tek yönlü ANOVA testi sonuçlarına göre, asgari geçim koşullarında yaşayan, yani düşük gelir grubundaki çalışanların, yüksek gelir grubuna göre çok daha yoğun ekonomik kaygı düzeylerine sahip olduğu, yüksek gelir grubu çalışanlarının ise içinde bulundukları rutin değişiklikleri sebebiyle psikolojik baskı altında bulundukları görülmüştür. Son olarak sonuçlar, özel sektör çalışanlarının, kamu sektörü çalışanlarına kıyasla kısa çalışma ödeneği almaktan duydukları endişenin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

References

  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt,Y. & Zeybek, Z. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 19(37) Bahar (Özel Ek), 304–318.
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., & Margalit, M. (2020). COVID-19-related economic anxiety is as high as health anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1–9.
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2020, April 1). Koronavirüs: Türkiye ekonomisinin salgının yarattığı krizle başa çıkması için ne yapılmalı? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52114495 Accessed on Apr 18, 2021.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days under restrictions. Transport Policy, 96, 76–93. [CrossRef]
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112934 [CrossRef]
  • Chang, S. S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A., Lu, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2009). Was the economic crisis 1997–1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time–trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1322–1331. [CrossRef]
  • Chang, S. S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., & Gunnell, D. (2013). Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries. BMJ, 347, f5239. [CrossRef]
  • Chetty, R., Friedman, J., Hendren, N., & Stepner, M. (2020). How did covid-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data. Opportunity Insights, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau Of Economic Research.
  • CNN Türk. (2021, April 8). Kod-29 işten çıkarma nedir? SGK Kod 29 ile işten çıkarılma ne anlama geliyor? https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/kod-29-isten-cikarma-nedir-sgk-kod-29-ile-isten-cikarilma-ne-anlama-geliyor Accessed on Apr 17, 2022.
  • Coope, C., Gunnell, D., Hollingworth, W., Hawton, K., Kapur, N., Fearn, V., Wells, C., & Metcalfe, C. (2014). Suicide and the 2008 economic recession: who is most at risk? Trends in suicide rates in England and Wales 2001–2011. Social Science & Medicine, 117, 76-85. [CrossRef]
  • Çiçek, B. & Almalı, V. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Kaygı Öz-yeterlilik ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişki: Özel Sektör ve Kamu Çalışanları Karşılaştırması. Journal of Turkish Studies, 15 (4), 241-260. [CrossRef]
  • DHA. (2020, March, 19). İçişleri Bakanlığı: 149 bin 382 iş yeri faaliyetlerine ara Verdi. https://www.dha.com.tr/yurt/icisleri-bakanligi-149-bin-382-isyeri-faaliyerlerine-ara-verdi/haber-1761572 Accessed on Apr 14, 2021.
  • DİSK-Ar. (2020). Covid-19 İşçileri Nasil Etkiledi? Salgının Çalışma Yaşamına Etkileri. DİSK Yayınları, No: 81.
  • Dozois, D. J. (2020). Anxiety and depression in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(1), 136–142. [CrossRef]
  • Economou, M., Angelopoulos, E., Peppou, L. E., Souliotis, K., Tzavara, C., Kontoangelos, K., Madianos, M., & Stefanis, C. (2016). Enduring financial crisis in Greece: prevalence and correlates of major depression and suicidality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), 1015-1024. [CrossRef]
  • Euronews. (2021, October 11). Türkiye, dünyada depresyon ve anksiyete vakalarının en fazla arttığı ülkelerin başında geliyor. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/10/11/turkiye-dunyada-depresyon-ve-anksiyete-vakalar-n-n-en-fazla-artt-g-ulkelerin-bas-nda-geliy. Accessed on Dec 21, 2021
  • Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 141–149.
  • Gili, M., Roca, M., Basu, S., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2013). The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 103–108. [CrossRef]
  • Goodwin, R., Wiwattanapantuwong, J., Tuicomepee, A., Suttiwan, P., & Watakakosol, R. (2020). Anxiety and public responses to covid-19: Early data from Thailand. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 118–121. [CrossRef]
  • Gunay, S., & Kurtulmuş, B. E. (2021). COVID-19 social distancing and the US service sector: What do we learn?. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, Article 101361. [CrossRef]
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(3), 249–256. [CrossRef]
  • Ilie, O. D., Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A., Timofte, S. I., Mavroudis, I., & Doroftei, B. (2020). Forecasting the spreading of COVID-19 across nine countries from Europe, Asia, and the American continents using the ARIMA models. Microorganisms, 8(8), Article 1158. [CrossRef]
  • Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2020). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home‐quarantine during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, e12406. [CrossRef]
  • Maaravi, Y., & Heller, B. (2020). Not all worries were created equal: the case of COVID-19 anxiety. Public Health, 185, 243–245. [CrossRef]
  • Mann, F. D., Krueger, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2020). Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, Article 110233. [CrossRef]Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger state—Trait anxiety inventory (STAI). The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 301–306.
  • Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study Group, & Benedetti, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 594–600. [CrossRef]
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K., & Chikodzi, D. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 on Gaming, Leisure and Entertainment Industry. Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry, Springer, 273–295. [CrossRef]
  • Öner, N. and Le Compte, A. (1985) Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı, Bogaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1-26.
  • Qian, M., & Jiang, J. (2020). COVID-19 and social distancing. Journal of Public Health, 1-3. Açikgöz, Ö., & Günay, A. (2020). The early impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global and Turkish economy. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(SI-1), 520–526. [CrossRef]
  • Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M. G., Khan, N. H., Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., Kashyap, D., & Uniyal, R. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 42–48. [CrossRef]
  • Resmi Gazete. (2020, March 22). COVID-19 Kapsamında Kamu Çalışanlarına Yönelik İlave Tedbirler. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/03/20200322M1-1.pdf Accessed on Apr 15, 2021.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Luchene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults: Manual and sample: Manual, instrument and scoring guide. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Strong, A., & Welburn, J. W. (2020). An Estimation of the Economic Costs of Social-Distancing Policies. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA173-1.html Accessed on Apr 17, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • The Ministry of Internal Affairs. (2020). https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-koronavirus-tedbirleri-konulu-ek-genelge-gonderildi Accessed on Apr 12, 2021.
  • The Ministry of Treasury and Finance. (2020, March 18). Covid-19 Ekonomik İstikrar Kalkanı Paketi. https://www.isim.org.tr/content/upload/attached-files/covid-19-ekonomik-istikra-20200414170956.PDF Accessed on Apr 17, 2021.
  • Türkiye İş Kurumu. (2020). Nakdi Ücret Desteği. https://www.iskur.gov.tr/is-arayan/issizlik-sigortasi/nakdi-ucret-destegi/ Accessed on Apr 17, 2021.
  • Viseu, J., Leal, R., de Jesus, S. N., Pinto, P., Pechorro, P., & Greenglass, E. (2018). Relationship between economic stress factors and stress, anxiety, and depression: Moderating role of social support. Psychiatry Research, 268, 102–107. [CrossRef]
  • Wang, L. Li, J. Guo, S. Xie, N. Yao, L. Cao, Y. Day, S. W. Howard, S. C. Graff, J. C. Gu, T. Ji, J. Gu, W. Sun, D. (2020). Real-time estimation and prediction of mortality caused by COVID-19 with patient information based algorithm. Science of Total Environment, 727, Article 137934. [CrossRef]

Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Employees in Turkey in Terms of Different Anxiety Levels

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 30 - 40, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.1146869

Abstract

This study aims to compare economic, health, routine-change and isolation anxiety levels between private and public sector employees during the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. For this purpose, an online questionnaire is adapted from the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and sent to the 1111 participants from both sectors. It is hypothesized that economic anxiety would have a greater effect on private sector employees than public sector employees while the health anxiety has more dominant effects on public sector employees. To test the significance level of the mean differences between these groups, an independent sample t test was used and for testing the significance level of the mean differences among three or more groups one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The t test results revealed that private sector employees had higher levels of economic anxiety on average than public sector employees. While there is no significant difference between the sectors in terms of health anxiety, routine change anxiety is higher on average over all other anxiety levels for both sectors. According to the results of one-way ANOVA test, employees living in minimum subsistence conditions, i.e., low-income group, had much more intense levels of economic anxiety than high-income group, and it was concluded that high-income group was under psychological pressure due to the routine changes they experienced. Finally, the results showed that private sector employees were more feared about getting short-time working allowances compared to public sector employees.

References

  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt,Y. & Zeybek, Z. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 19(37) Bahar (Özel Ek), 304–318.
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., & Margalit, M. (2020). COVID-19-related economic anxiety is as high as health anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1–9.
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2020, April 1). Koronavirüs: Türkiye ekonomisinin salgının yarattığı krizle başa çıkması için ne yapılmalı? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52114495 Accessed on Apr 18, 2021.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days under restrictions. Transport Policy, 96, 76–93. [CrossRef]
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112934 [CrossRef]
  • Chang, S. S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A., Lu, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2009). Was the economic crisis 1997–1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time–trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1322–1331. [CrossRef]
  • Chang, S. S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., & Gunnell, D. (2013). Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries. BMJ, 347, f5239. [CrossRef]
  • Chetty, R., Friedman, J., Hendren, N., & Stepner, M. (2020). How did covid-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data. Opportunity Insights, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau Of Economic Research.
  • CNN Türk. (2021, April 8). Kod-29 işten çıkarma nedir? SGK Kod 29 ile işten çıkarılma ne anlama geliyor? https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/kod-29-isten-cikarma-nedir-sgk-kod-29-ile-isten-cikarilma-ne-anlama-geliyor Accessed on Apr 17, 2022.
  • Coope, C., Gunnell, D., Hollingworth, W., Hawton, K., Kapur, N., Fearn, V., Wells, C., & Metcalfe, C. (2014). Suicide and the 2008 economic recession: who is most at risk? Trends in suicide rates in England and Wales 2001–2011. Social Science & Medicine, 117, 76-85. [CrossRef]
  • Çiçek, B. & Almalı, V. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Kaygı Öz-yeterlilik ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişki: Özel Sektör ve Kamu Çalışanları Karşılaştırması. Journal of Turkish Studies, 15 (4), 241-260. [CrossRef]
  • DHA. (2020, March, 19). İçişleri Bakanlığı: 149 bin 382 iş yeri faaliyetlerine ara Verdi. https://www.dha.com.tr/yurt/icisleri-bakanligi-149-bin-382-isyeri-faaliyerlerine-ara-verdi/haber-1761572 Accessed on Apr 14, 2021.
  • DİSK-Ar. (2020). Covid-19 İşçileri Nasil Etkiledi? Salgının Çalışma Yaşamına Etkileri. DİSK Yayınları, No: 81.
  • Dozois, D. J. (2020). Anxiety and depression in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(1), 136–142. [CrossRef]
  • Economou, M., Angelopoulos, E., Peppou, L. E., Souliotis, K., Tzavara, C., Kontoangelos, K., Madianos, M., & Stefanis, C. (2016). Enduring financial crisis in Greece: prevalence and correlates of major depression and suicidality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), 1015-1024. [CrossRef]
  • Euronews. (2021, October 11). Türkiye, dünyada depresyon ve anksiyete vakalarının en fazla arttığı ülkelerin başında geliyor. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/10/11/turkiye-dunyada-depresyon-ve-anksiyete-vakalar-n-n-en-fazla-artt-g-ulkelerin-bas-nda-geliy. Accessed on Dec 21, 2021
  • Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 141–149.
  • Gili, M., Roca, M., Basu, S., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2013). The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 103–108. [CrossRef]
  • Goodwin, R., Wiwattanapantuwong, J., Tuicomepee, A., Suttiwan, P., & Watakakosol, R. (2020). Anxiety and public responses to covid-19: Early data from Thailand. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 118–121. [CrossRef]
  • Gunay, S., & Kurtulmuş, B. E. (2021). COVID-19 social distancing and the US service sector: What do we learn?. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, Article 101361. [CrossRef]
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(3), 249–256. [CrossRef]
  • Ilie, O. D., Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A., Timofte, S. I., Mavroudis, I., & Doroftei, B. (2020). Forecasting the spreading of COVID-19 across nine countries from Europe, Asia, and the American continents using the ARIMA models. Microorganisms, 8(8), Article 1158. [CrossRef]
  • Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2020). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home‐quarantine during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, e12406. [CrossRef]
  • Maaravi, Y., & Heller, B. (2020). Not all worries were created equal: the case of COVID-19 anxiety. Public Health, 185, 243–245. [CrossRef]
  • Mann, F. D., Krueger, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2020). Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, Article 110233. [CrossRef]Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger state—Trait anxiety inventory (STAI). The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 301–306.
  • Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study Group, & Benedetti, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 594–600. [CrossRef]
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K., & Chikodzi, D. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 on Gaming, Leisure and Entertainment Industry. Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry, Springer, 273–295. [CrossRef]
  • Öner, N. and Le Compte, A. (1985) Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı, Bogaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1-26.
  • Qian, M., & Jiang, J. (2020). COVID-19 and social distancing. Journal of Public Health, 1-3. Açikgöz, Ö., & Günay, A. (2020). The early impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global and Turkish economy. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(SI-1), 520–526. [CrossRef]
  • Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M. G., Khan, N. H., Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., Kashyap, D., & Uniyal, R. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 42–48. [CrossRef]
  • Resmi Gazete. (2020, March 22). COVID-19 Kapsamında Kamu Çalışanlarına Yönelik İlave Tedbirler. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/03/20200322M1-1.pdf Accessed on Apr 15, 2021.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Luchene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults: Manual and sample: Manual, instrument and scoring guide. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Strong, A., & Welburn, J. W. (2020). An Estimation of the Economic Costs of Social-Distancing Policies. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA173-1.html Accessed on Apr 17, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • The Ministry of Internal Affairs. (2020). https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-koronavirus-tedbirleri-konulu-ek-genelge-gonderildi Accessed on Apr 12, 2021.
  • The Ministry of Treasury and Finance. (2020, March 18). Covid-19 Ekonomik İstikrar Kalkanı Paketi. https://www.isim.org.tr/content/upload/attached-files/covid-19-ekonomik-istikra-20200414170956.PDF Accessed on Apr 17, 2021.
  • Türkiye İş Kurumu. (2020). Nakdi Ücret Desteği. https://www.iskur.gov.tr/is-arayan/issizlik-sigortasi/nakdi-ucret-destegi/ Accessed on Apr 17, 2021.
  • Viseu, J., Leal, R., de Jesus, S. N., Pinto, P., Pechorro, P., & Greenglass, E. (2018). Relationship between economic stress factors and stress, anxiety, and depression: Moderating role of social support. Psychiatry Research, 268, 102–107. [CrossRef]
  • Wang, L. Li, J. Guo, S. Xie, N. Yao, L. Cao, Y. Day, S. W. Howard, S. C. Graff, J. C. Gu, T. Ji, J. Gu, W. Sun, D. (2020). Real-time estimation and prediction of mortality caused by COVID-19 with patient information based algorithm. Science of Total Environment, 727, Article 137934. [CrossRef]
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Merve Seven Keleş This is me 0000-0002-0733-9360

Mahsum Ökmen 0000-0001-9854-1953

Naci İbrahim Keleş This is me 0000-0001-5103-7477

Publication Date July 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Seven Keleş, M., Ökmen, M., & Keleş, N. İ. (2022). Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Employees in Turkey in Terms of Different Anxiety Levels. Yildiz Social Science Review, 8(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.1146869