THE RESPOND OF ROMAN LAW TO THE RELATION BETWEEN ‘FREE WOMAN AND SLAVE MAN’: SENATUS CONSULTUM CLAUDIANUM

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 1667 - 1709, 15.10.2021

Baha Yiğit Sayın

Abstract

Since 1st century CE the relation between a free Roman woman and the slave of another person was regulated by a decree of the Senatus, enacted during the reign of Claudius (hence, termed as sc Claudianum) and the fate of the legal consequences of such a relation was to be left solely to the will of the master. According to the rules of this sc Claudianum, a free Roman woman who co-habits with the slave of another person would become the slave of that person -provided that he did denounce the relation- or his freedwomen -provided that he consented to the relation-Under Roman Law, a free woman and a slave could never had a valid marriage and accordingly, their relationship would have no legal effects whatsoever. The interesting fact which calls here for further scrunity is that the Roman Senatus did actually enact a decree on a relationship which was legally irrelevant. Thus making the social dynamics behind sc Claudianum as well as its ratio legis subjects of areas that needs deeper investigation and comprehension.
With the dawn of the 1st century, Rome started to go in an evergoing change: It all started with a change in the administration; followed by a change in the society, change in its values, change in the labor relations, and change in its law. One the main indicators of the -social- change was the increasing number of instances of status confusions and the increasing tendecny to mixed-relatios. Such relations being nullum (void) for Roman law did not stop free women to co-habit with other people’s slaves; it also did nothing to deaden the convinction of mixed-relations being a threat to the master’s domination over his slave.
Ultimately, Pallas, the imperial freedmen of Claudius who was also in charge of the treasury, drew up a decree targeting relations about which he may know a thing or two. He then referred it to his patron and the emperor proposed his freedman’s decree to the Senate which was accepted as a binding resolution. The purpose, therefore, was not to categorically prevent relations between the ‘free’ and the ‘slave’ nor to punish free women for co-habiting with a slave. Sc Claudianum was not about legislating morality or reclaiming the natural order of things. It was about protecting the rights of the master over his slave who was in a ‘natural’ marriage with a free woman and thus asserting the master’s supremacy.

Keywords

Roman Law, Slave, Slavery, Roman Law of Slavery, Women in Roman Law, Familia Ceasaris, Freedman

’ÖZGÜR KADIN İLE KÖLE ERKEK’ BİRLİKTELİĞİNE ROMA HUKUKUNUN BAKIŞI: SENATUS CONSULTUM CLAUDIANUM

Abstract

Roma Hukukunda özgür kadın ve başkasına ait bir erkek kölenin birlikteliği, M.S. 1. yüzyılda Claudius devirinde alınmış bir Senatus kararı (Senatus consultum Claudianum) ile düzenlenmiş ve bu özgür-köle birlikteliğinin hukuki sonuçları münhasıran erkek kölenin efendisinin iradesine bağlanmıştır. Senatus consultum Claudianum (sc Claudianum) hükümleri gereğince başkasının kölesi ile birliktelik yaşayan özgür kadın şayet bu ilişkiye efendinin izni var ise efendinin azatlısı, izni yok ise efendinin kölesi haline gelmekteydi. Roma hukuku nazarında özgür bir kadın ile köle bir erkeğin birlikteliği ‘yok’ hükmünde olup herhangi bir hukuki sonuç doğurmamaktaydı. Bu gerçeğin ışığında, Senatus’un bir yasama organı olarak kendi göstermeye başladığı Principatus devrinin ilk yüzyılında, ‘hukuken yok hükmünde’ olan bir birlikteliğe ilişkin Senatus’un bir karar almış olması incelenmeye değer olup bu bağlamda sc Claudianum’un ratio legis’i kadar onu hazırlayan sebepler de cevaplanması beklenecek olan sorulardır.
M.S. 1 yüzyıl itibarıyla Roma her bakımdan bir dönüşüm içinde idi ve bu dönüşümün toplumsal iz düşümlerinden birisi değişen sosyo-ekonomik yapı kapsamında statü karışıklıkları ve mixta ilişkilerdir. Roma hukukunun ‘yok’ hükmünde görüyor olması özgür kadınların başkalarının köleri ile fiili birliktelikler içine girmelerine engellememiştir. Keza, bu ‘fiili’ evliliklerinin hukuken tanınmıyor olmaları söz konusu ilişkilerin efendinin hakimiyetine tehdit şeklinde algılanmalarını da engellememiştir.
Sonuçta, Claudius’un azatlısı, hazineden sorumlu Pallas, vakıf olduğu bu hususa ilişkin bir Senatus kararı tasarlamış ve Claudius tarafından Senatus’a sunulan tasarı kabul edilerek bir kanun hükmünde olarak yürürlüğe konulmuştur. Amaç; özgür ile kölenin evliliğini önleyerek toplumsal düzeni tesis etmek - köle erkeklerle birlikte olan özgür kadınları cezalandırmak – Roma kadınının ahlakına veya yaşamına müdahale etmek vb. değildir. Sc Claudianum, kölesi başka bir kadınla birliktelik yaşayan efendinin kölesi üzerindeki hakimiyetini tüm unsurları ile muhafaza etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Roma Hukuku, Köle, Kölelik, Roma Kölelik hukuku, Roma Hukukunda Kadın, Familia Ceasaris, Azatlı

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