Uluslararası Adalet Divanı'nın Geçici Tedbir Kararlarının Uygulanması

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 109 - 150, 24.01.2025

Lider Bal

Abstract

Bir uyuşmazlıkta, esas hakkında karar verilinceye kadar tarafların haklarının korunması ve uyuşmazlığın ağırlaşmasının engellenmesi amacıyla başvurulan geçici tedbirler, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın yargısal işlevinin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu tedbirlere uyulmaması, Divan’ın yargısal yetkisini ve işlevini anlamsızlaştıracağı gibi otoritesinin de sorgulanmasına neden olmaktadır. Geçici tedbirlerin sivillere karşı ağır suçların işlenmesini önlemeye yönelik olması halinde, bu tedbirlere uyulmamasının sonuçları çok daha ağır olacaktır. Myanmar’da Rohingya (Arakan) Müslümanlarına yönelik şiddet eylemlerinin ve İsrail’in Gazze’de gerçekleştirdiği askeri operasyonlarının soykırım riski yaratması gerekçesiyle Divan’ın yakın zamanda verdiği geçici tedbir kararları da bu bağlamda gündeme gelmiştir. Bu gibi durumlarda, hukuki bağlayıcılığı konusunda tereddüt bulunmayan geçici tedbir kararlarına uyulup uyulmaması tamamıyla ilgili devletin iradesine ve isteğine bırakılamayacağından, bu kararların uygulanmasına yönelik uluslararası hukuk mekanizmalarının harekete geçirilmesi önem arz edecektir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın geçici tedbir kararlarına uyulmasının sağlanmasına yönelik başvurulabilecek uluslararası hukuk mekanizmalarına ilişkin genel bir çerçeve sunmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, görülmekte olan uyuşmazlıkta etkinliği devam eden Divan’ın rolü; Divan’ın kararlarının uygulanmasıyla ilgili sıklıkla gündeme gelen Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin ve Genel Kurul’un yetkileri; son olarak da, ilgili uyuşmazlıkta taraf olan ve üçüncü devletlerin başvurabileceği yöntemler incelenmektedir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Adalet Divanı, Geçici tedbirler, Devletlerin sorumluluğu, Gazze, Myanmar

Implementation Of The International Court Of Justice’s Orders On Provisional Measures

Abstract

Provisional measures, which are indicated to protect the rights of the parties in a dispute and to prevent the aggravation of the dispute until the decision on the merits is rendered, are at the centre of the judicial function of the International Court of Justice. Failure to comply with these measures not only renders the Court's judicial authority and function meaningless, but also calls into question its authority. If the provisional measures are intended to prevent the commission of grave crimes against civilians, the consequences of non-compliance will be much more severe. The Court's recent provisional measures on the grounds that acts of violence against Rohingya (Arakan) Muslims in Myanmar and Israel's military operations in Gaza create a risk of genocide have also come to the fore in this context. In such cases, since the compliance with provisional measures, which are legally binding, cannot be left entirely to the will and desire of the relevant state, it will be important to mobilise international legal mechanisms for their implementation.
The purpose of this study is to provide a general framework of international law mechanisms that can be utilised to ensure compliance with the provisional measures indicated by the Court. In line with this purpose, it examines the role of the Court in dispute settlement; the powers of the United Nations Security Council and the General Assembly; and finally, the options available to disputant States and non-disputant parties.

Keywords

International Court of Justice, Provisional measures, Responsibility of States, Gaza, Myanmar

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