Kariyer Umu Ölçeği’nin Türk Üniversite Öğrencilerine Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 377 - 387, 07.08.2025

Ayşe Fikriye Sarsıkoğlu , Feride Bacanlı

https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1548138

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı Kariyer Umu Ölçeği-Revize’yi (KUÖ-R) Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerine uyarlamaktır. Bu amaçla üç çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma I’de, ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla Çalışma Grubu I’den (N=300; 179 kadın ve 121 erkek; MYAŞ=21.42) elde edilen verilerle Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonuçları, Türkçe KUÖ’nün orijinal ölçekle uyumlu olarak üç faktörlü yapısını (liderlik, başarı, eğitim) doğrulamıştır. Çalışma II’de, Çalışma Grubu II’den (N= 305; MYAŞ =21.32) toplanan verilerle KUÖ’nün alt ölçeklerinin ölçüt geçerliliği incelenmiştir. KUÖ alt ölçek (liderlik, başarı ve eğitim) puanları ile Kariyer Kararı Öz -Yeterlik Ölçeği-Kısa Form (KKÖYÖ-KF) alt ölçek puanları ve Başarı Motivasyonu Ölçeği (BMÖ) alt ölçek puanları arasında anlamlı ve pozitif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Türkçe KUÖ’nün güvenirliği için Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayıları, liderlik, başarı ve eğitim umuları için sırasıyla α=.83, .77 ve .87 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma III’te, Çalışma Grubu III’e ( N=85) KUÖ, 3 hafta ara ile 2 kez uygulandı. Türkçe KUÖ’nün güvenirlği için kararlılık katsayıları liderlik, başarı ve eğitim umuları için sırasıyla r=.80, .82 ve .80 bulunmuştur. Bulgular, ölçeğin Türkçe formunun Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin kariyer umularını ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

Kariyer Umusu, Liderlik Umusu, Eğitim Umusu, Başarı Umusu

Adaptation of the Career Aspiration Scale to Turkish University Students: Validity and Reliability Studies

Abstract

This research aims to adapt the Career Aspiration Scale-Revised (CAS-R) to undergraduate students in Turkiye. Three studies were conducted for this purpose. In Study I, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on data obtained from Study Group I (N=300; 179 women and 121 men; MAGE=21.42) to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. The CFA results confirmed the three-factor structure of the CAS-R-Turkish Form-(CAS-R-TF) (leadership, achievement, and education), consistent with the original scale. In Study II, the Criterion-related validity of the subscales of the CAS-R-TF was determined using data collected from Study Group II (N = 305; MAGE =21.32). Significant and positive correlations were found between the CAS-R-TF subscale scores (leadership, achievement, and education) and the subscale scores of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (CDSES-SF) and the Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS). Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients for the reliability of Turkish the CAS were calculated as α=.83, .77, and .87 for the leadership, the success, and the education aspiration, respectively. In Study III, CAS-R-TF was applied to Study Group III (N=85) twice with an interval of three weeks. The coefficients of stability for the reliability of the CAS-R-TF were found to be r = .80, .82, and .80 for leadership, achievement, and education aspirations, respectively. The findings indicate that CAS-R-TF is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the career aspirations of undergraduate students in Turkiye. The limitations of the research are stated, and suggestions for future research are presented.

Keywords

Achievement Aspiration, Career Aspiration, Education Aspiration, Leadership Aspiration

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval of this study was approved by the Gazi University Ethics Committee (Date: 06.02.2018 No: 01). The 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments and comparable ethical standards were followed in all the procedures performed in this study.

Supporting Institution

This research has not received specific support from public sector agencies, from the commercial sector, or from non-profit organizations.

References

• Aktaş, A. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinin kariyer hedeflerinde aile etkisi ve akılcı olmayan inançların rolü (The role of family influence and irrational beliefs in high school students’ career aspirations]) [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Ondokuz Mayıs University.
• Aksoy, N., Felek, Ş., Yayla, N., & Çeviş, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamı ve etkileyen faktörler (Women’s employment in Turkey and influencing factors). Journal of Management and Economics Research, 17(3), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.11611/ yead.594124
• Akyol, E. Y., & Bacanlı, F. (2019). Building a solution-focused career counselling strategy for career indecision. Australian Journal of Career Development, 28(1), 73–79. https://doi. org/10.1177/1038416218779623
• Bacanlı, F., & Salman, N. (2018, October). Career psychological counseling based on three-stage career decision-making model: Case study. In 20th International Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress (pp. 25–27). Samsun, Türkiye.
• Bajema D. H., Miller W. W., & Williams D. L. Aspirations of rural youth. Journal of Agricultural Education, 43(3), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2002.03061
• Baroudi, S. E., Khapova, S. N., Fleisher, C., & Jansen, P. G. (2018). How do career aspirations benefit organizations? The mediating roles of the proactive and relational aspects of contemporary work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2150. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02150
• Baz, D., & Aslan, A. E. (2021). Üst düzey kadın yöneticilerin kariyer engellerinin incelenmesi [The Analysis of Senior Women Managers’ Career Barriers]. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(41), 3503-3533. https://doi. org/10.26466/opus.865901
• Belkaoui, A. (1986). The accounting students’ need for achievement and career aspirations: An experiment. Issues in Accounting Education, 1(2), 197-206.
• Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the career decision-making selfefficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47–57. https://doi. org/10.1177/106907279600400103
• Blustein, D. L., Olle, C., Connors-Kellgren, A., & Diamonti, A. J. (2016). Decent work: A psychological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 407. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00407
• Burke, P. J., & Hoelter, J. W. (1988). Identity and sex-race differences in educational and occupational aspirations formation. Social Science Research, 17(1), 29-47. https://doi. org/10.1016/0049-089X(88)90019-1
• Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). A psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form with Turkish university students. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(3), 386-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713484561
• Cascio, W. F., & Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 349-375. https://10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352
• Chang, E. S., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Dooley, D., & Heckhausen, J. (2006). What do they want in life?: The life goals of a multi- ethnic, multi-generational sample of high school seniors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 302-313. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10964-006-9034-9
• Davey, F. H., & Stoppard, J. M. (1993). Some factors affecting the occupational expectations of female adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43(3), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jvbe.1993.1045
• Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (2005). Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women’s leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(2), 276–287.
• Durak Batıgün, A. & Atay Kayış, A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde stres faktörleri: kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve problem çözme becerileri açısından bir değerlendirme. [Stress Factors Among University Students: A Study on Interpersonal Relationship Style and Problem Solving Abilities]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(2), 69-80.
• Eagly, A.H., Karau, S.J., Miner, J.B. & Johnson, B.T. (1994), Gender and motivation to manage in hierarchic organizations: a meta- analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 5(2),135-159. https://doi. org/10.1016/1048-9843(94)90025-6
• Eryenen, G. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının hedef yönelimleri, akademik ve öğretmenlik özyeterlilikleri arasındaki ilişkiler ile bu değişkenlerin akademik başarının yordanmasındaki rolü [The relationships between the goal orientations, academic self-efficacy, and teacher sense of efficacy of preservice teachers and the predictive roles of these variables on academic achievement] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Istanbul University
• Farmer, H. S. (1985). Model of career and achievement motivation for women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 363–390.
• Gadassi, R., Gati, I., & Wagman-Rolnick, H. (2013). The adaptability of career decision making profiles: Associations with self-efficacy, emotional difficulties, and decision status. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 490-507. https://doi. org/10.1177/0894845312470027
• Ganginis Del Pino, H. V., O’Brien, K. M., Mereish, E., & Miller, M. J. (2013). Leaving before she leaves: Considering future family when making career plans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032651
• Gizir, C. A. (2005). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin problemleri üzerine bir çalışma. [A study on the problems of the Middle East Technical University senior students]. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(2), 196–213
• Gottfredson, G. D. (1996). Prestige in vocational interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jvbe.1996.0006
• Gottfredson, L. S. (2002). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription, compromise, and self-creation. In D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 85–148). Jossey-Bass.
• Gray, M. P., & O’Brien, K. M. (2007). Advancing the assessment of women’s career choices: The career aspiration scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(3), 317-337. https://doi. org/10.1177/1069072707301211
• Greenhaus, J. H. (1973). A factorial investigation of career salience. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 3, 95–98. https://doi. org/10.1016/0001-8791(73)90050-X
• Gregor, M. A., & O’Brien, K. M. (2015). The changing face of psychology: Leadership aspirations of female doctoral students. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(8), 1090-1113. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0011000015608949
• Gregor, M. A., & O’Brien, K. M. (2016). Understanding career aspirations among young women: Improving instrumentation. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(3), 559-572. https://doi. org/10.1177/1069072715599537
• Gregor, M., O’Brien, K. M., & Sauber, E. (2019). Understanding career aspirations among young men. Journalof Career Assessment, 27(2), 262-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748
• Güldü, Ö., & Ersoy Kart, M. (2017). Kariyer planlama sürecinde kariyer engelleri ve kariyer geleceği algılarının rolü [The role of career barriers and career future perceptions in the career planning process]. Ankara University SBF Journal, 72(2), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002450.
• Gündüz, Y. (2010). Öğretmen algılarına göre kadın öğretmenlerin kariyer engellerinin incelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 133-149.
• Han, H., Rojewski, J. W., & Kwak, M. (2019). Development and validation of the subjective occupational aspiration scale using a Rasch model approach. Journal of Career Development, 46(6), 670-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845318771
• Hanson, S. L. (1994). Lost talent: Unrealized educational aspirations and expectations among US youths. Sociology of education, 67(3), 159-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112789
• Harmon, L. W. (1984). What’s new? A response to Astin. The Counseling Psychologist, 12(4), 127–128. https://doi. org/10.1177/0011000084124003
• Hartman, R. L., & Barber, E. G. (2020). Women in the workforce: The effect of gender on occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and career aspirations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(1), 92-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2019-0062
• Hirschi, A. (2010). Swiss adolescents’ career aspirations: Influence of context, age, and career adaptability. Journal of Career Development, 36(3), 228–245. https://doi. org/10.1177/0894845309345844
• Hoff, K., Van Egdom, D., Napolitano, C., Hanna, A., & Rounds,J. (2022). Dream jobs and employment realities: How adolescents’ career aspirations compare to labor demands and automation risks. Journal of Career Assessment, 30(1), 134-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727211026183
• Holland, J. L., & Whitney, D. R. (1968). Changes in the vocational plans of college students: Orderly or random? (Act research no. 25). The American College Testing Program.
• Hoobler, J. M., Lemmon, G. & Wayne, S. J. (2014). Women’s managerial aspirations: an organizational development perspective. Journal of Management, 40(3), 703-730.
• Howard, K. A., Carlstrom, A. H., Katz, A. D., Chew, A. Y., Ray,G. C., Laine, L., & Caulum, D. (2011). Career aspirations of youth: Untangling race/ethnicity, SES, and gender. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jvb.2010.12.002
• Hoyt, C. L., & Blascovich, J. (2007). Leadership efficacy and women leaders’ responses to stereotype activation. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 595–616. https://doi. org/10.1177/1368430207084718
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi. org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Johnson, L. (1995). A Multidimensional analysis of the vocational aspirations of college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 28(1), 25-44.
• Karacan-Özdemir, N., & As, Y. C. (2022). Career values and occupational aspirations of adolescents and their parents aspire for the future of their child. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(Ek 1), 215-225.
• Khan, R., & Sherwani, N. U. K. (2019). Analysis of the relationship between career aspiration and proactive career behaviour in the Indian employment scenario. LBS Journal of Management & Research, 17(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-1852.2019.00001.4
• Kim, M. S., & Yun, S. Y. (2015). A study on the nursing student with academic self-efficacy, motivation and career aspiration. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(S1), 226-230. https:// doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8iS1/58764
• Kossek, E. E., Su, R., & Wu, L. (2017). “Opting out” or “pushed out”? Integrating perspectives on women’s career equality for gender inclusion and interventions. Journal of Management, 43(1), 228-254.
• Krebs, D., Berger, M., & Ferligoj, A. (2000). Approaching achievement motivation: Comparing factor analysis and cluster analysis. In A. Ferligoj & A. Mrvar (Eds.) New approaches in applied statistics, (pp. 147-171). University of Ljublijana.
• Lee, I. H., & Rojewski, J. W. (2012). Development of occupational aspirations in early Korean adolescents: A multiple-group latent curve model analysis. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 12, 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10775-012-9227-6
• Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of vocational behavior, 45(1), 79-122.
• Lent, R. W. (2013). Career-life preparedness: Revisiting career planning and adjustment in the new workplace. The Career Development Quarterly, 61, 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ j.2161-0045.2013.00031.x
• Lent, R. W. (2018). Future of work in the digital world: Preparing for instability and opportunity. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(3), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12143
• Luan, H., Geczy, P., Lai, H., Gobert, J., Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., ... & Tsai, C. C. (2020). Challenges and future directions of big data and artificial intelligence in education. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 580820. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580820
• Mau, W. C., & Bikos, L. H. (2000). Educational and vocational aspirations of minority and female students: A longitudinal study. Journal of counseling & development, 78(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02577.x
• Mutlu, T., Korkut-Owen, F., Özdemir, S., & Ulaş-Kılıç, Ö. (2019). Öğretmen Adaylarının Kariyer Planları, Yaşadıkları Kariyer Kararsızlıkları ve Bununla Baş Etme Stratejileri [Career Plans, Career indecision and strategies for coping with Career indecision among teacher candidates]. Journal of Career Counseling, 2(1), 1–31.
• Nauta, M. M., Epperson, D. L., & Kahn, J. H. (1998). A multiple- groups analysis of predictors of higher level career aspirations among women in mathematics, science, and engineering majors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.483
• Netchaeva, E., Sheppard, L. D., & Balushkina, T. (2022). A meta-analytic review of the gender difference in leadership aspirations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 137, 103744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103744
• Nunnally J. & Bernstein I. (1994) Psychological methods. McGraw- Hill,O’Brien,
• K. M. (1996). The influence of psychological separation and parental attachment on the career development of adolescent women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0024
• O’Brien, K. M., & Fassinger, R. E. (1993). A causal model of the career orientation and career choice of adolescent women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 456–469.
• Pamuk, M. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin başarı motivasyon yapısı: İktisat bölümleri üzerinde bir uygulama. Social Sciences Journal, 2, 139-150.
• Pişkin, M. (2013). Kariyer gelişim sürecini etkileyen faktörler. In B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Mesleki Rehberlik ve Kariyer Danışmanlığı, (4. Baskı, 43–78). Pegem Akademi.
• Patton, W., & Creed, P. (2007). The relationship between career variables and occupational aspirations and expectations for Australian high school adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 34(2), 127-148. https://doi. org/10.1177/0894845307307471
• Perry, J. C., Przybysz, J., & Al-Sheikh, M. (2009). Reconsidering the “aspiration–expectation gap” and assumed gender differences among urban youth. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.02.006
• Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (2003). Gender, gender identity, and aspirations to top management. Women in Management Review, 18(1/2), 88-96. https://doi. org/10.1108/09649420310462361
• Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (2022). Aspirations to top management over five decades: a shifting role of gender?. Gender in Management: an International Journal, 37(8), 953- 968. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-10-2021-0330
• Powers, R. S., & Wojtkiewicz, R. A. (2004). Occupational aspirations, gender, and educational attainment. Sociological Spectrum, 24(5), 601-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170490448784
• Rojewski, J. W., & Yang, B. (1997). Longitudinal analysis of select influences on adolescents’ occupational aspirations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 375–410. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jvbe.1996.1561
• Rojewski, J. W., (2005) Ocupational aspirations: Constructs, meanings and applications. In S. D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: putting theory and research to work (pp. 131-154). John Willey & Sons.
• Rounds, J., & Leuty, M. E. (2020). Nature, importance, and assessment of needs and values. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (3rd ed., pp. 417–448). Wiley.
• Schoon, I. & Parsons, S. (2002). Teenage aspirations for future careers and occupational outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 262-288. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jvbe.2001.1867
• Sheppard, L. D. (2018). Gender differences in leadership aspirations and job and life attribute preferences among US undergraduate students. Sex Roles, 79, 565-577. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11199-017-0890-4
• Singer, M. (1989). Gender differences in leadership aspirations.New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 25-35.
• Singer, A. R., Cassin, S. E., & Dobson, K. S. (2005). The role of gender in the career aspirations of professional psychology graduates: Are there more similarities than differences?. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 46(4), 215.
• Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1983). Achievement-related motives and behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives: Psychological and sociological approaches (pp. 7–74). W. H. Freeman
• Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (2nd ed., pp. 197–261). Jossey-Bass.
• Şahin, İ., Şahin-Fırat, N., Zoraloğlu, Y. R., & Açıkgöz, K. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sorunları. e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 4(4), 1435-1449.
• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2013, March 8). Women in statistics, 2012 [Press release]. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=istatistiklerle-kadin-2012-13458&dil=1
• Turkish Statistical Institute (2023a, May17). Youth in statistics, 2022. [Press release]. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle- Genclik-2022-49670#:~:text=Kad%C4%B1nlarda%20 y%C3%BCksek%C3%B6%C4%9Fretimde%20net%20 okulla%C5%9Fma%20oran%C4%B1%20%49%2C2%20 oldu&text=Y%C3%BCksek%C3%B6%C4%9Fretim%20 net%20okulla%C5%9Fma%20oran%C4%B1%20 cinsiyete,49%2C2’ye%20y%C3%BCkseldi.
• Turkish Statistical Institute (2023b, March 6). Women in statistics, 2022. [Press release]. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=%C4%B0statistiklerle-Kad%C4%B1n-2022- 49668&dil=1
• Walls, R. T., & Gulkus, S. P. (1974). Reinforcers and vocational maturity in occupational aspiration, expectation, and goal deflection. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 5(3), 381-390. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(74)90028-1
• Wahl, K. H., & Blackhurst, A. (2000). Factors affecting the occupational and educational aspirations of children and adolescents. Professional School Counseling, 3(5), 367.
• Yerin-Güneri, O., Aydın, G., & Skovholt, T. (2003). Counseling needs of students and evaluation of Counseling Services at a large Urban University in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 25(1), 53–63.