Dijital Dönüşüm ve Yükseköğretimde Dijital Dönüşümün Bileşenleri: Kavramsal Çerçeve Önerisi

Year 2023, , 1133 - 1186, 26.12.2023

Mehmet Yavuz , Selçuk Karaman

https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.1332639

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm ve dijital dönüşümün kavramsal çerçevesini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Google Scholar, Scopus ve Web of Science veri tabanlarında "digital transformation" ve "digital transformation in higher education" anahtar kelimeleri ile Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak arama yapılmıştır. Tarama sonucunda ilgili kavramlara ilişkin tanımlamaları içeren 54 çalışma araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca bibliyometrik analiz için Scopus veri tabanında bir arama daha yapılmıştır. Dijital dönüşüm ile ilgili 2.707 çalışma ve yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm ile ilgili 327 çalışma analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, dijital dönüşüm için birey, teknoloji, strateji, ürün, kültür, model, süreç, hizmetler ve organizasyon bileşenlerinden oluşan bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Benzer şekilde, yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm için birey, eğitim, teknoloji, strateji, araştırma, model, yetenek, süreç bileşenlerinden oluşan bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Her iki çerçevede de benzer bileşenler bulunmuştur. Farklılıklar kurumsal yapıya atfedilebilir. Ayrıca, çerçevenin daha fazla çalışma ve farklı veri kaynakları ile geliştirilmesi ve kurumlara rehberlik etmesi için kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Dijital dönüşüm, yükseköğretim, bileşenler, çerçeve

Components of Digital Transformation and Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Conceptual Framework Proposal

Abstract

The aim of study is to determine the conceptual framework of digital transformation and digital transformation in higher education. In line with this aim, the document analysis method, which is a qualitative research method, was used in the study. The keywords "digital transformation" and "digital transformation in higher education" were searched in Turkish and English with Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. As a result of the search, 54 studies contain definitions related to the relevant concepts were included in the research. These studies were analyzed using content analysis method. In addition, a further search was conducted on Scopus database for bibliometric analysis. 2,707 studies on digital transformation and 327 studies on digital transformation in higher education were analyzed. As a result, framework consisting of individual, technology, strategy, product, culture, model, process, services, and organization components was formed for digital transformation. Similarly, a framework consisting of individual, education, technology, strategy, research, model, capability, process components was formed for digital transformation in higher education. Similar components were found in both frameworks. Differences can be attributed to institutional structure. Furthermore, it is recommended to use the framework for further development with more studies and different data sources, and guide institutions.

Keywords

Digital transformation, higher education, components, framework

References

• Ae-MoYS. (2011). Assessing the e-maturity of your school. European Commission.
• Aditya, B. R., Ferdiana, R., & Kusumawardani, S. S. (2022). Identifying and prioritizing barriers to digital transformation in higher education: a case study in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation Science, 14(3/4), 445-460.
• Akgün-Özbek, E. (2019). Dijital dönüşümde öğretim elemanlarının yetiştirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi (No. 622414). [Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi-Eskişehir].
• Akgün-Özbek, E. (2022). Öğrenmede dijital dönüşüm. T.V. Yüzer & M. Kesim (Eds.) Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmenin dijital dönüşüm boyutu (ss. 1-22). Pegem Akademi.
• *Andriole, S. J. (2017). Five myths about digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(3), 13-18.
• Andone, D., Boyne, C., Dron, J., & Pemberton, L. (2005). Digital students and their use of eLearning enviroments. IADIS WWW/Internet, 302-306.
• Arslan, M., & Ata, A. (2020). Araştırmada dijital teknoloji kullanımı. S. Karaman (Ed.) Yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm (ss. 82-89). Pegem Akademi.
• Avetisyan, A. (2020). Importance of higher education transformation in the framework of digital economy formation. Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta.
• *Aybek, H. S. Y. (2017). Üniversite 4.0’a geçiş süreci: kavramsal bir yaklaşım. AUAd, 3(2), 164-176.
• *Banger, G. (2018). Endüstri 4.0 uygulama ve dönüşüm rehberi. Dorlion.
• Basri, S. N. A., Ahmad, F., Abidin, N. I. A., Baba, I., Harun, H., Hamid, N. H. A., … & Kamaruzaman, M. (2020). Digital campus. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 9(2), 382-389.
• Benavides, L. M. C., Tamayo-Arias, J. A., Arango-Serna, M. D., Branch-Bedoya, J. W., & Burgos, D. (2020). Digital transformation in higher education institutions: A systemat echnologiure review. Sensors, 20(11), 3291.
• *Berghaus, S., & Back, A. (2016, September). Stages in digital business transformation: Results of an empirical maturity study. In Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), 1-17.
• *Bhagat R.K., & Sharma N. (2020). Role of technology in higher education: Challenges and opportunities ahead in the era of digital transformation. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 10(2), 5–9.
• Bilyalova, A. A., Salimova, D. A., & Zelenina, T. I. (2019). Digital transformation in education. In International Conference on Integrated Science (pp. 265-276). Springer.
• *Bozkurt, A., Hamutoğlu, N. B., Kaban, A. L., Taşçı, G., & Aykul, M. (2021). Dijital bilgi çağı: Dijital toplum, dijital dönüşüm, dijital eğitim ve dijital yeterlilikler. AUAd, 7(2), 35-63.
• Bozkurt, Ç. (2019). Eğitimde dijital dönüşüm yol haritası. Enocta. https://blog.enocta.com/egitimde-dijital-donusum-yol-haritasi/
• *Brooks, D. C., & McCormack, M. (2020). Driving digital transformation in higher education. EDUCAUSE. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2020/6/driving-digitaltransformation-in-higher-education
• *Brown, M. (2015). Six trajectories for digital technology in higher education. Educause Review, 50(4), 16-28.
• *Brown, M., Reinitz, B., & Wetzel, K. (2020). Digital transformation signals: Is your institution on the journey. https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2019/10/digital-transformation-signals-is-your-institution-on-the-journey
• Brundenius, C., & Göransson, B. (2011). The three missions of universities: A synthesis of UniD echnolect findings. In Universities in transition (pp. 329-352). Springer.
• Capgemini. (2021). Digital transformation services. https://www.capgemini.com/service/digital-transformation-services/
• Cognizant. (2014). Digital transformation framework by Cognizant. Globland. https://www.dxlatest.com/digital-transformation-framework-by-cognizant/
• *Colone, G. (2019). Digital transformation and empoweri echnologiesies in higher education. https://hea.ie/assets/uploads/2017/04/190212_FutureFocus_Digital-Transformation_Discussion-Paper.pdf
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage.
• *Dahlstrom, E., Brooks, C., & Bichsel, J. (2017). The current ecosystem of learning management systems in higher education: Student, faculty, and IT perspectives. EDUCAUSE Center for Analysis and Research.
• *Deloitte. (2018). Digital maturity model. Achieving digital maturity to drive growth. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Technology-Media-Telecommunications/deloitte-digital-maturity-model.pdf
• DigCompOrg. (2015). DigCompOrg framework. European Commission. https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/european-framework-digitally-competent-educational-organisations-digcomporg/digcomporg-framework_en
• Duarte, D., & Martins, P. V. (2013). A maturity model for higher education institutions. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 1(1), 25-44.
• Duman, O. (2021). Digital transformation in educational institutions: Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University children's university example. G. Koca & Ö.Eğilmez (Eds.), Digital transformation and business (ss. 25-42). Efe Academy.
• Ðurek, V., Reðep, N. B., & Divjak, B. (2017). Digital maturity framework for higher education institutions. In Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems (pp. 99-106). Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin.
• Đurek, V., Kadoic, N., & Ređep, N. B. (2018, May). Assessing the digital maturity level of higher education institutions. In 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO) (pp. 671-676). IEEE.
• *ECAR (2021). What is digital transformation? https://www.educause.edu/ecar/research-publications/what-digital-transformation
• *Educause (2021). Horizon report for higher education. EDUCAUSE. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2021/4/horizon-report-for-higher-education-2021-edition
• Egloffstein, M., & Ifenthaler, D. (2021). Tracing digital transformation in educational organizations. In Digital transformation of learning organizations (pp. 41-57). Springer.
• *Elena, F. (2017). Embedding digital teaching and learning practices in the modernization of higher education institutions. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM, 17, 41-47.
• Erdem, A. R. (2005). Üniversitenin var oluş nedeni (üniversitenin misyonu). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(17), 75-86.
• *European Commission (2019). Digital transformation in higher education. https://ec.europa.eu/education/sites/education/files/higher-education/doc/digital-transformation-higher-education_en.pdf
• Fernández Martínez, A., Llorens Largo, F., & Molina-Carmona, R. (2019). Digital maturity model for universities (MD4U). GTI4U. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/99031/2/Introduction-to-Digital-Maturity-Model-for-Universities-MD4U-english.pdf
• *Fitzgerald, M., Kruschwitz, N., Bonnet, D., & Welch, M. (2014). Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative. MIT Sloan Management Review, 55(2), 1.
• Flick, U. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Sage.
• Forrester. (2017). The five core components of a great digital experience. https://go.forrester.com/blogs/the-five-core-components-of-a-great-digital-experience/
• *Freeman, D. B. (2022). Digital transformation in higher education: The role of leaders in a digital ınitiative. Diligent Corporation. https://www.diligent.com/insights/education/digital-transformation-higher-education/
• *Gama, J. A. P. (2018, October). Intelligent educational dual architecture for university digital transformation. In 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
• Gartner. (2018). The four stages of digital maturity. https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/the-four-stages-of-digital-maturity/
• Gill, M., & VanBoskirk, S. (2016). The digital maturity model 4.0. Forrester. https://dixital.cec.es/wp-content/uploads/presentacions/presentacion06.pdf
• *Gomez-Trujillo, A. M., & Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2022). Digital transformation as a strategy to reach sustainability. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 11(4), 1137-1162.
• Gregory, B. T., Harris, S. G., Armenakis, A. A., & Shook, C. L. (2009). Organizational culture and effectiveness: A study of values, attitudes, and organizational outcomes. Journal of business research, 62(7), 673-679.
• Gümüşoğlu, E. K. (2017). Digital transformation in higher education. AUAd, 3(4), 30-42.
• *Hartl, E., & Hess, T. (2017). The role of cultural values for digital transformation: Insights from a delphi study. In Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems. Boston.
• Heslop, B. (2019). A brief history of digital transformation. https://supplychainbeyond.com/a-brief-history-of-digital-transformation/
• *Hess, T., Matt, C., Benlian, A., & Wiesböck, F. (2016). Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2).
• *Horlacher, A., & Hess, T. (2016). What does a chief digital officer do? Managerial tasks and roles of a new c-level position in the context of digital transformation, In 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 5126–5135).
• IDC. (2019). IDC futurescape: Worldwide IT industry 2019 predictions. http://phc.pt/enews/IDC-FutureScape.pdf
• *International Association of Universities. (2020). Key issues in higher education: Digital transformation.https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_key_issues_in_higher_education_digital_transformation.pdf
• *Ismail, M. H., Khater, M., & Zaki, M. (2017). Digital business transformation and strategy: What do we know so far. Cambridge Service Alliance, 10(1), 1-35.
• *ISTE (2021). Digital transformation. ISTE. https://www.iste.org/topics/digital-transformation i-SCOOP. (2019). Industry 4.0 and the fourth industrial revolution explained. https://www.i-scoop.eu/industry-4-0/
• Jain, R. (2019). What is the need of digital transformation in education? Asma. https://www.asmaindia.in/blog/need-digital-transformation-education/.
• Jisc. (2019). Developing digital capability: An organisational framework. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee. https://repository.jisc.ac.uk/6610/1/JFL0066F_DIGICAP_MOD_ORG_FRAME.PDF
• Johnston, B., MacNeill, S., & Smyth, K. (2018). Exploring the digital university: Developing and applying holistic thinking. In Conceptualising the Digital University (pp. 39-60). Palgrave Macmillan.
• *Kaminskyi, O. Y., Yereshko, Y. O., & Kyrychenko, S. O. (2018). Digital transformation of university education in Ukraine: Trajectories of development in the conditions of new technological and economic order. Информационные технологии и средства обучения, 64(2), 128-137.
• *Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., & Phillips, A. N. (2017). Achieving digital maturity. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(1), 1-35.
• *Karaman, S., & Aydın, M. (2020). Dijital dönüşüm. S. Karaman (Ed.) Yükseköğretimde dijital dönüşüm içinde (ss. 4-16). Pegem Akademi.
• Kuznetsov, E. B., & Engovatova, A. A. (2016). Universities 4.0: Points of growth of the knowledge economy in Russia. Innovations, 5(211), 3-9.
• Kuzu, Ö. H. (2020). Digital transformation in higher education: A case study on strategic plans. Higher Educaion in Russia, 3, 9-23.
• *Li, L., Su, F., Zhang, W., & Mao, J. Y. (2018). Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective. Information Systems Journal, 28(6), 1129-1157.
• *Mamaeva, D. V., Shabaltina, L. V., Garnova, V. Y., Petrenko, E. S., & Borovsky, S. S. (2020, November). Digital transformation of higher educational system. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1691, No. 1, p. 012081). IOP Publishing.
• Margaryan, A., Littlejohn, A., & Vojt, G. (2011). Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students’ use of digital technologies. Computers & Education, 56(2), 429–440.
• *Martin, F., & Xie, K. (2022). Digital transformation in higher education: 7 areas for enhancing digital learning. EDUCAUSE. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2022/9/digital-transformation-in-higher-education-7-areas-for-enhancing-digital-learning
• Marti-Parreno, J., Mendez-Ibanez, E., & Alonso-Arroyo, A. (2016). The use of gamification in education: A bibliometric and text mining analysis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 32(6), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12161
• *Matt, C., Hess, T., & Benlian, A. (2015). Digital transformation strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339-343.
• Mehaffy, G. L. (2012). Challenge and change. Educause Review, 47(5), 25-42.
• *Menéndez, F. A., Machado, A. M., & Esteban, C. L. (2017). Análisis de la transformación digital de las Instituciones de Educación Superior. Un marco de referencia teórico [Analysis of the digital transformation of Higher Education Institutions. A theoretical framework]. Edmetic, 6(1), 181-202.
• *Mićić, L. (2017). Digital transformation and its influence on GDP. Economics-Innovative and Economic Research, 5(2), 135-147.
• Microsoft. (2018). Microsoft education transformation framework for higher education. Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/education/higher-education/education-transformation-framework
• Min-Allah, N., & Alrashed, S. (2020). Smart campus—A sketch. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102231. *Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2021). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 1-25.
• *Morakanyane, R., Grace, A. A., & O'reilly, P. (2017). Conceptualizing digital transformation in business organizations: A systematic review of literature. Bled eConference, 21, 428-444.
• Muehlburger, M., Krumay, B., Koch, S., & Currle, S. (2022). Individual digital transformation readiness: Conceptualisation and scale development. International Journal of Innovation Management, 26(03), 2240013.
• Multisilta, J., & Mattila, T. (2022). Digital transformation in finnish higher education: A perspective from a university of applied sciences. In 16th International Conference on E-Learning 2022, EL 2022-Part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems 2022, MCCSIS 2022 (pp. 93-100).
• *Nwankpa, J. K., & Roumani, Y. (2016). IT capability and digital transformation: A firm performance perspective. Thirty Seventh International Conference on Information Systems, Dublin.
• Oosterlinck, A., & Leuven, K. U. (2002). Knowledge management in post-secondary education: Universities. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Nederlands. http://www.oecd.org/innovation/research/2074921.pdf
• Özen, E. (2019). Eğitimde dijital dönüşüm ve eğitim bilişim ağı (EBA) (editöre mektup). AUAd, 5(1), 5-9.
• Parker, S. (2020). KPMG connected enterprise for higher education. KPMG. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2020/10/future-of-higher-education.pdf
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. (Çeviri Editörü M. Bütün & S.B. Demir). Pegem Akademi.
• *Povejsil, E. (2021). What Is digital transformation in higher education?. Collegis Education. https://collegiseducation.com/news/technology/higher-education-digital-transformation/
• *Rampelt, F., Orr, D., & Knoth, A. (2019). Bologna digital 2020 white paper on digitalisation in the European higher education area. Research Document. Hochschulforum. https://hochschulforumdigitalisierung.de/de/news/white-paper-bologna-digital-2020
• Rapley, T. (2007). Doing conversation, discourse and document analysis. Sage
• Redep, N. B., Balaban, I., Zugec, B., Calopa, M. K., & Divjak, B. (2017, June 13-16). Framework for digitally mature schools. In EDEN Conference Proceedings (No. 1, pp. 360-371).
• *Rodrigues, L. S. (2017). Challenges of digital transformation in higher education institutions: A brief discussion. In Proceedings of 30th IBIMA Conference.
• *Sandkuhl, K., & Lehmann, H. (2017). Digital transformation in higher education-the role of enterprise architectures and portals. In A. Rossmann, & A. Zimmermann (eds.) Digital Enterprise Computing (DEC) 2017. (pp. 49-60) Gesellschaft für Informatik.
• *Schallmo, D. R., & Williams, C. A. (2018). Roadmap for the Digital transformation of business models. In Digital transformation now! (pp. 41-68). Springer.
• *Schnasse, F., Menzefricke, J. S., & Dumitrescu, R. (2021, April). Identification of socio-technical risks and their correlations in the context of digital transformation for the manufacturing sector. In 2021 IEEE 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 159-166). IEEE.
• *Seres, L., Pavlicevic, V., & Tumbas, P. (2018). Digital transformation of higher education: Competing on analytics. In INTED2018 Proceedings (pp. 9491-9497). IATED.
• *Solis, B. (2017). 8 success factors of digital transformation altimeter. Prophet Thinking. https://www.prophet.com/thinking/2016/02/brief-theopposite-approach-8-success-factors-of-digitaltransformation/
• *Stolterman, E., & Fors, A. C. (2004). Information technology and the good life. In Information systems research (pp. 687-692). Springer.
• Swanson, T. (2020). Digital maturity assessment for universities. ATOS. https://engage.atos.net/UKI_DMA_whitepaper_2020
• Taşkıran, A. (2017). Higher education in digital age. AUAd, 3(1), 96-109.
• Tmforum. (2017). Digital maturity model (DMM). Tmforum. https://www.tmforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/DMM-WP-2017-Web.pdf
• *TÜBİTAK-BİLGEM. (2020). Dijital dönüşüm nedir? TÜBİTAK. https://dijitalakademi.bilgem.tubitak.gov.tr/dijital-donusum-nedir
• Uygur, M., Akay, C., & Yelken, T. Y. (2018). Yükseköğretim sisteminde dijital dönüşümün adımları: Mobil öğrenmeye hazır mıyız? I-SASEC 2018, 18.
• Veletsianos, G., VanLeeuwen, C. A., Belikov, O., & Johnson, N. (2021). An analysis of digital education in Canada in 2017-2019. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 22(2), 102-117.
• *Verhoef, A. H., & Du Toit, J. (2018). Embodied digital technology and transformation in higher education. Transformation in Higher Education, 3(1), 1-8.
• *Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of business research, 122, 889-901.
• *Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003
• *Warner, K. S., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long range planning, 52(3), 326-349.
• Wernicke, B., Stehn, L., Sezer, A. A., & Thunberg, M. (2021). Introduction of a digital maturity assessment framework for construction site operations. International Journal of Construction Management, 1-11.
• Xiao, J. (2019). Digital transformation in higher education: Critiquing the five-year development plans (2016-2020) of 75 Chinese universities. Distance Education, 40(4), 515-533.
• Zaoui, F., & Souissi, N. (2020). Roadmap for digital transformation: A literature review. Procedia Computer Science, 175, 621-628.