The examination of demographics influences on the digital parenting awareness of parents with 3-6 years old children

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 550 - 570, 22.08.2023

Taibe Kulaksız , Mehmet Toran

https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.1286859

Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the differences between digital parenting awareness by gender of the parent, age of the parent, perceived socioeconomic status of parent, daily internet usage duration of the parent, educational level of the parent, age of the child, number of children, and using a control app. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey method, the participants of the study consist of 308 parents with children ages 3 to 6. The Demographic Information Form and Digital Parenting Awareness Scale were administered and analyzed based on quantitative parametric analysis methods. Results showed that some demographics vary between mothers’ and fathers’ digital parenting awareness. Mothers show higher digital parenting awareness. Older parents are inclined to be digitally negligent of their children. Parents’ socioeconomic and educational levels almost do not influence digital parenting awareness. Parents do not act differently in digital environments regarding their pre-school age children. One-child families protect their kids from digital risks more than three-child families. It is important to emphasize that parents using the internet daily for more than four hours tend to have less awareness. Fathers/mothers using a parental control app have higher awareness to save and monitor their children online.

Keywords

parenting, digital parenting awareness, children, technology

3-6 yaş çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin dijital ebeveynlik farkındalıkları üzerindeki demografik etkilerin incelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ebeveynin cinsiyeti, ebeveyn yaşı, ebeveynin algıladığı sosyoekonomik durumu, ebeveynin günlük internet kullanım süresi, ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi, çocuğun yaşı, çocuk sayısı, ve ebeveyn kontrol uygulaması kullanma durumuna göre dijital ebeveynlik farkındalığı konusundaki farklılıkları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Kesitsel tarama yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmanın katılımcılarını 3-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan 308 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Dijital Ebeveynlik Farkındalık Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, nicel parametrik analiz yöntemlerine dayalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, annelerin ve babaların dijital ebeveynlik farkındalığının bazı demografik özelliklere göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Anneler, daha yüksek dijital ebeveyn farkındalığı göstermektedirler. Ebeveynler, yaşları arttıkça çocuklarına karşı dijital olarak ihmalkar olma eğilimindedir. Ebeveynlerin sosyoekonomik ve eğitim düzeyleri, dijital ebeveynlik farkındalığını neredeyse etkilememektedir. Ebeveynler, okul öncesi dönemdeki çocuklarının yaşlarına göre dijital ortamlarda farklı davranmamaktadırlar. Tek çocuklu aileler, çocuklarını dijital risklerden üç çocuklu ailelere göre daha fazla korumaktadır. Günde dört saatten fazla internet kullanan ebeveynlerin daha az farkındalığa sahip olduklarını vurgulamak önemlidir. Ebeveyn kontrolü uygulaması kullanan babalar/anneler, çocuklarını çevrimiçi olarak kaydetme ve izleme konusunda daha yüksek farkındalığa sahiptir.

Keywords

ebeveynlik, dijital ebeveynlik farkındalığı, çocuklar, teknoloji

References

• Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 407-412.
• Álvarez, M., Torres, A., Rodríguez, E., Padilla, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2013). Attitudes and parenting dimensions in parents' regulation of Internet use by primary and secondary school children. Computers & Education, 67, 69-78.
• Amankwa, E. (2021). Relevance of cybersecurity education at pedagogy levels in schools. Journal of Information Security, 12(4), 233-249.
• Anderson, M. (2016). Parents, teens and digital monitoring: parents monitor their teen’s digital behavior in a number of ways, but using technical means like parental controls is less common. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/01/07/parents-teens-and-digital-monitoring.
• Baker, S., Sanders, M. R., & Morawska, A. (2017). Who uses online parenting support? A cross-sectional survey exploring Australian parents’ internet use for parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 916-927.
• Baumrind, D. (1980). New directions in socialization research. American Psychologist, 35(7), 639-652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.7.639
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
• Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836
• Benedetto, L., & Ingrassia, M. (2021). Digital parenting: Raising and protecting children in media world. In L. Benedetto, & M. Ingrassia (Eds.), Parenting - studies by an ecocultural and transactional perspective (pp.127-148). IntechOpen.
• Beyer, S. (1995). Maternal employment and children′ s academic achievement: Parenting styles as mediating variable. Developmental Review, 15(2), 212-253.
• Bornstein, M. H., & Lansford, J. E. (2010). Parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of cultural developmental science (pp. 259–277). Psychology Press.
• Bradshaw, S., Bem, D., Shaw, K., Taylor, B., Chiswell, C., Salama, M., Bassett, E., Kaur, G., & Cummins, C. (2019). Improving health, wellbeing and parenting skills in parents of children with special health care needs and medical complexity–a scoping review. BMC pediatrics, 19(1), 1-11.
• Brooks, J. (2013). Parenting is a process. In J. Brooks (Ed.), The process of parenting (9th ed., pp. 2– 32). McGraw-Hill.
• Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100-112.
• Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47-85.
• Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218.
• Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487- 496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
• Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3
• Dufva, T., & Dufva, M. (2019). Grasping the future of the digital society. Futures, 107, 17-28.
• Erkan, S., & Toran, M. (2010). Child acceptance-rejection behaviors of lower and upper socioeconomic status mothers. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(3), 427-432. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.427
• Fidan, A., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2020). Online environments and digital parenting: An investigation of approaches, problems, and recommended solutions. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 9(2), 352-372.
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
• Goedhart, N. S., Broerse, J. E., Kattouw, R., & Dedding, C. (2019). ‘Just having a computer doesn’t make sense’: The digital divide from the perspective of mothers with a low socio-economic position. New Media & Society, 21(11-12), 2347-2365.
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
• Hammer, M., Scheiter, K., & Stürmer, K. (2021). New technology, new role of parents: How parents' beliefs and behavior affect students’ digital media self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106642.
• Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1995). Culture and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 211–234). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Hatuka, T., Zur, H., & Mendoza, J. A. (2021). The urban digital lifestyle: An analytical framework for placing digital practices in a spatial context and for developing applicable policy. Cities, 111, 102978.
• Head, E. (2020). Digital technologies and parental involvement in education: The experiences of mothers of primary school-aged children. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41, 593- 607.
• Holden, G. W., & Edwards, L. A. (1989). Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 29-58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.29
• Hristova, M. (2018). The digital sociology as a new practice and standard in teaching of sociology. Nauchni Trudove, 1, 111-123.
• Huang, G., Li, X., Chen, W., & Straubhaar, J. D. (2018). Fall-behind parents? The influential factors on digital parenting self-efficacy in disadvantaged communities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1186-1206.
• Ihmeideh, F. M., & Shawareb, A. A. (2014). The association between Internet parenting styles and children’s use of the Internet at home. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(4), 411-425.
• Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (1982). Old-age security value of children: Cross-national socioeconomic evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13(1), 29-42.
• Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422.
• Kavitha, K., & Sikandar, B. J. (2021). Digital parenting: Issues, challenges and nursing implications. Journal of Pediatric Surgical Nursing, 10(3), 100-104.
• Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x
• Manap, A., & Durmuş, E. (2020). Development of Digital Parental Awareness Scale. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(2), 978-993.
• Mascheroni, G., Ponte, C. & Jorge, A. (2018). Introduction. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 9-16). Nordicom.
• Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R. E., Wisniewski, P., & Orben, A. (2022). What is digital parenting? A systematic review of past measurement and blueprint for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(6), 1673-1691.
• Murray, R. G., & Mulvaney, M. K. (2012). Parenting styles, socialization, and the transmission of political ideology and partisanship. Politics & Policy, 40(6), 1106-1130.
• Nijhof, K. S., & Engels, R. C. (2007). Parenting styles, coping strategies, and the expression of homesickness. Journal of Adolescence, 30(5), 709-720.
• Ólafsson, K., Green, L., & Staksrud, E. (2018). Is big brother more at risk than little sister? The sibling factor in online risk and opportunity. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1360-1379.
• Pratiwi, H., Hasanah, N. I., Purnama, S., Ulfah, M., & Saripudin, A. (2022). Adaptation to digital parenting in a pandemic: A case study of parents within higher education. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 12(1), 1-12.
• Rahayu, N. W., & Haningsih, S. (2021). Digital parenting competence of mother as informal educator is not inline with internet access. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 29, 100291.
• Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2008). The association of parenting style and child age with parental limit setting and adolescent MySpace behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 459-471.
• Sanchez, L., & Thomson, E. (1997). Becoming mothers and fathers: Parenthood, gender, and the division of labor. Gender & Society, 11(6), 747-772.
• Sarwar, S. (2016). Influence of parenting style on children's behaviour. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(2), 222-249.
• Siibak, A. (2019). Digital parenting and the datafied child. In T. Burns, & F. Gottschalk (Eds.), Educating 21st century children: Emotional well-being in the digital age (pp. 103-120). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/313a9b21-en.
• Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
• Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296.
• Toran, M., Ulusoy, Z., Aydın, B., Deveci, T., & Akbulut, A. (2016). Çocukların dijital oyun kullanımına ilişkin annelerin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(5), 2263-2278.
• Tosun, N., & Mihci, C. (2020). An examination of digital parenting behavior in parents with preschool children in the context of lifelong learning. Sustainability, 12(18), 7654.
• Walker, S.K., & Hong, S. (2017). Workplace predictors of parenting educators’ technology acceptance attitudes. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 45, 377-393.
• Willett, R. J. (2015). The discursive construction of ‘good parenting’ and digital media–the case of children’s virtual world games. Media, Culture & Society, 37(7), 1060-1075.
• Wu, C. S. T., Fowler, C., Lam, W. Y. Y., Wong, H. T., Wong, C. H. M., & Yuen Loke, A. (2014). Parenting approaches and digital technology use of preschool age children in a Chinese community. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 40(1), 1-8.
• Yaman, F., Çubukçu, A., Küçükali, M., & Yurdakul, I. K. (2021). An investigation of parents' use of digital media. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 10(1), 76-88.
• Yaman, F., Yurdakul, I. K., Akbulut, Y., & Dönmez, O. (2022). An examination of the digital parenting profiles in Turkey. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 1-10.