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Van İli Kanalizasyon Boru Hatlarının Deprem Performansının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, , 1043 - 1058, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1291969

Abstract

Van ili depremlerin sıklıkla gözlendiği şehirlerimizden birisidir. Son 100 yıl içerisinde Van ili ve çevresinde beşten fazla yıkıcı deprem meydana gelmiş, önemli can ve mal kayıpları yaşanmıştır. Hem 2011 yılında Van ilinde yaşanan depremlerde hem de 2023 yılında yaşadığımız Pazarcık-Elbistan merkez üslü depremlerde kanalizasyon sistemlerinden meydana gelen deformasyonun afetin boyutunu ve etkisini çok fazla arttırdığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Van merkez ilçelerinde yer alan kanalizasyon alt yapısındaki boruların deprem performansını coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin kullanarak çok kriterli karar analizi ile değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada oluşturulan model üç ayrı faktörü içerir, bunlar; aktif fay hatlarına mesafe, boru tipleri ve zemin özellikleridir. Kanalizasyon boru sistemlerinin deprem duyarlık haritası, tüm tanımlı faktörlerin birbiri ile kıyaslanmasından oluşan karşılaştırma matrisi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Duyarlılık haritasına göre, fay hattına 4 km’den daha yakın mesafede konumlanmış kanalizasyon alt yapısında yer alan boruların, fay hatları tarafından üretilen depremlerde %45’nin yüksek veya çok yüksek hasar görebileceği şeklindedir. Özellikle Van Gölü’ne yakın kesimlerde yer alan İskele Mahallesi ve Edremit ilçe sınırlarının kuzey kesimlerinde yer alan kanalizasyon sistemleri yüksek risk altındadır. En önemlisi kentleşmenin en yoğun olduğu İpekyolu ilçesinin batı kesimleri, Tuşba ilçesinin güney kesimleri ile Edremit ilçesinin kuzeydoğu alanları ise yüksek risk altında olup, bu alanlar toplam kanalizasyon alt yapısının %39’unu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada uygulanan yöntem deprem esnasında gelişen deformasyonlara karşı güvenilir ve doğru bilgilerin elde edilmesine imkân tanımıştır. Bu bağlamda üretilen duyarlılık modeli ile hasar görebilirlik analizi, özellikle yüksek duyarlı alanlarda, alt yapı borularının depremden önce yapılacak olan uygulamaların çok daha düzenli ve planlı bir şekilde yürütülmesinde önemli rolleri olacaktır.

References

  • Ateş, Ş., Mutlu, G., Özerk, O.Ç., Çiçek, İ., Karakaya Gülmez, F., Bulut Üstün, A., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Çelebioğlu, R., Özata, A., & Aksoy, A. (2007). Van Bölgesinin Yerbilimleri Verileri. MTA Rapor No:10961, 152s (yayınlanmamış).
  • Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey – a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14(1-3), 3-30. doi:10.1080/09853111.2001.11432432
  • Bruton, D., White, D., Cheuk, C., Bolton, M., & Carr, M. (2006, Mayıs). Pipe-soil interaction behavior during lateral buckling, including large-amplitude cyclic displacement tests by the SAFEBUCK JIP. Offshore Technology Conference. Houston, Texas, USA. doi:10.4043/17944-MS
  • Carver, S. J. (1991). Integrating multi criteria evaluation with geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 5(3), 321-339. doi:10.1080/02693799108927858
  • Dhont, D., & Chorowicz, J. (2006). Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish-Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 34-49. doi:10.1007/s00531-005-0020-3
  • Doğan, B., & Karakaş, A. (2013). Geometry of co-seismic surface ruptures and tectonic meaning of the 23 October 2011 M w 7.1 Van earthquake (East Anatolian Region, Turkey). Journal of Structural Geology, 46, 99-114. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.10.001
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S. Elmacı, H., Olgun, S., & Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active Fault Map of Turkey with an Explanatory Text 1: 1.250.000 scale. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series, 30.
  • Flores-Berrones R & Li Liu X. (2003). “Seismic Vulnerability of Buried Pipelines”. Geofísica Internacional, 42(2), 237-246.
  • Jenks, G. F. (1967). The Data Model Concept in Statistical Mapping. International Yearbook of Cartography, 7, 186-190.
  • Koçyiǧit, A., Yilmaz, A., Adamia, S., & Kuloshvili, S. (2001). Neotectonic of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 177-195. doi:10.1080/09853111.2001.11432443
  • Kokavessis, N. K., & Anagnostidis, G. S. (2006, Haziran). Finite element modelling of buried pipelines subjected to seismic loads: Soil structure interaction using contact elements. Proceedings of the ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada. doi:10.1115/PVP2006-ICPVT-11-93228
  • Lee, H., (2010). Finite element analysis of a buried pipeline. School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering. The University of Manchester, yükseklisans tezi, 199s.
  • Liang, J., & Sun, S., (2000). Site effects on seismic behavior of pipelines: A review. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 122(4), 469-475. doi:10.1115/1.1285974
  • Lin, T. J., Liu, G. Y., Chung, L. L., & Chou, C. H. (2012). Verification of numerical modeling in buried pipelines under large fault movements by small-scale experiments. 15. WCEE, Lisboa.
  • Maddocks, T., & Dunlevie, J. (2016). Tennant Creek 1988 earthquake now Australia's biggest after geoscience revises list, ABC news. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-12/northern-territory-1988-quake-now-rated-australias-biggest/7406988 Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2023.
  • Malczewski, J. (1996) A GIS-based approach to multiple criteria group decision making. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(8), 955-971. doi:10.1080/02693799608902119
  • Manshoori, M. R. (2011). Evaluation of seismic vulnerability and failure modes for pipelines. Procedia Engineering, 14, 3042-3049. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.383
  • Nurlu, M., Özmen, B., & Güler, H. (1995). Deprem zararlarının azaltılmasında coğrafi bilgi sistemi. Deprem Zararlarının Azaltılması Çalışmaları Semineri, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • O’Rourke, T. D., Gowdy, T. E., Stewart, H. E., & Pease, J. W. (1991, Mart). Lifeline and geotechnical aspects of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earhquake. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. University ofMissouri-Rolla, Rolla, Mo, USA.
  • Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (1991). Prediction, Projection and Forecasting. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
  • Sağlam Selçuk, A., Erturac, M. K., Sunal, G., & Çakır, Z. (2020). Evaluation of the Plio-Quaternary tectonic stress regime from fault kinematic analysis in the lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia). Journal of Structural Geology, 140, 104157.
  • Saka, F., & Ortakçı T. (2022). Beton boruların zemin yükleri altında tasarımları. Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 10(2), 425-441. doi:10.36306/konjes.1062886
  • Schiff, A. J. (1997). Northridge Earthquake: Lifeline Performance and Post-Earthquake Response. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering ASCE.
  • Selcuk, L., & Aydın, H. (2012). Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyal zeminlerin kuvvetli yer hareketine etkisi: 2011 Van depremleri. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 36(2), 75-98.
  • Selcuk, L., Sağlam Selçuk, A., & Kasapoğlu, D. (2016). Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı çok kriterli karar analizi (Çkka) kullanılarak, Van ili merkez ilçelerinin kentsel taşkın duyarlılık değerlendirmesi, Van/Türkiye. Yerbilimleri, 37(1), 1-18.
  • Shinozuka, M., Ballantyne, D., Borcherdt, R., Buckle, I., O’Rourke, T., & Schiff, A. (1995). The Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of January 17, 1995. Performance of Lifeline, Tech. Rep., NCEER, Buffalo, NY, USA.
  • Şaroǧlu, F., & Yılmaz, Y. (1986). Doğu Anadolu'da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim ve havza modelleri. Maden Tektik ve Arama Dergisi, 107, 73-94.
  • TİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu), (2023). Temel istatistiksel veriler, nüfus ve demografi, https://www.nufusu.com/ilceleri/van-ilceleri-nufusu Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2023.
  • Toker, M. (2013). Time-dependent analysis of aftershock events and structural impacts on intraplate crustal seismicity of the Van earthquake (Mw 7.1, 23 October 2011), E Anatolia. Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5, 423-434. doi:10.2478/s13533-012-0141-8
  • Toksöz, M. N., Nábělek, J., & Arpat, E. (1978). Source properties of the 1976 earthquake in east Turkey: A comparision of field data and teleseismic results. Tectonophysics, 49(3-4), 199-205. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(78)90178-6
  • Tsai, Yi-B., Yu, T. M., Chao, H. L., & Lee, C. P. (2001). Spatial distribution and age dependence of human-fatality rates from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of 21 September 1999. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5), 1298-1309. doi:10.1785/0120000740
  • Uckan, E., Akbas, B., Kaya, E. S., Cakir, F., Ipek, C., Makaraci, M., & Ataoglu, S. (2016). Design issues of buried pipelines at permanent ground deformation zones. Disaster Science and Engineering, 2(2), 53-58.
  • Uçkan, E. (2013). Lifeline Damage Caused in the 23 October (Mw=7.2) 2011 and 9 November (M=5.6) 2011, Van Earthquakes in Eastern Turkey. In C. Davis, M. Miyajima, L. Yan (Eds.) International Efforts in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph no: 38, ASCE. doi:10.1061/9780784413234.007
  • Utkucu, M. (2013). 23 October 2011 Van, Eastern Anatolia, earthquake (Mw 7.1) and seismotectonics of Lake Van Area. Journal of Seismology, 17, 783-805. doi:10.1007/s10950-012-9354-z
  • Van Westen, C. J., Castellanos, E., & Kuriakose S. L. (2008). Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview. Engineering Geology, 102(3-4), 112-131. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.010
  • Van Westen, C. J. (2013). Remote sensing and GIS for natural hazards assessment and disaster risk management. Treatise on Geomorphology, 40, 259-298. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00051-8

Evaluation of Earthquake Performance of Van Sewer Pipelines Using Geographic Information Systems

Year 2023, , 1043 - 1058, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1291969

Abstract

Van is one of the city that earthquakes has been observed frequently in Turkey. In the last century more than five earthquakes has happened around the city, and significant loss of life and property occurred. Earthquake that caused deformation of the sewage - drinking water systems, in Van at 2011, Pazarcık-Elbistan epicenters earthquakes at 2023, once again showed us importance of these systems and negative effects during their losses.The aim of this study is to evaluate earthquake performance of the pipes in the sewerage infrastructure in the central districts of Van, by using geographic information system (GIS) based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The model created in the study includes three separate factors, these are; distance to active fault lines, pipe types and soil properties. The earthquake susceptibility map of the sewer pipe systems was obtained by using the comparison matrix, which consists of comparing all defined factors with each other. According to the susceptibility map, %45 of the pipe lines close up to 4 km to the fault lines, may suffer high or very high damage by earthquakes produced by these fault lines. Especially the sewerage systems located near to the Lake Van in İskeleköy, and close to Edremit district northern border are in high risk. Most importantly, the western parts of İpekyolu district, the southern parts of Tusba district, and the northeastern areas of Edremit district, where urbanization is most intense, and which contains constitute 39% of the total sewerage infrastructure are at high risk.The method applied in the study allowed to obtain reliable and healthy information against natural disasters. The vulnerability model produced in this context will play an important role in the implementation of the infrastructure pipes before the earthquake in a much more planned and healthy way, especially in highly sensitive areas.

References

  • Ateş, Ş., Mutlu, G., Özerk, O.Ç., Çiçek, İ., Karakaya Gülmez, F., Bulut Üstün, A., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Çelebioğlu, R., Özata, A., & Aksoy, A. (2007). Van Bölgesinin Yerbilimleri Verileri. MTA Rapor No:10961, 152s (yayınlanmamış).
  • Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey – a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14(1-3), 3-30. doi:10.1080/09853111.2001.11432432
  • Bruton, D., White, D., Cheuk, C., Bolton, M., & Carr, M. (2006, Mayıs). Pipe-soil interaction behavior during lateral buckling, including large-amplitude cyclic displacement tests by the SAFEBUCK JIP. Offshore Technology Conference. Houston, Texas, USA. doi:10.4043/17944-MS
  • Carver, S. J. (1991). Integrating multi criteria evaluation with geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 5(3), 321-339. doi:10.1080/02693799108927858
  • Dhont, D., & Chorowicz, J. (2006). Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish-Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 34-49. doi:10.1007/s00531-005-0020-3
  • Doğan, B., & Karakaş, A. (2013). Geometry of co-seismic surface ruptures and tectonic meaning of the 23 October 2011 M w 7.1 Van earthquake (East Anatolian Region, Turkey). Journal of Structural Geology, 46, 99-114. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.10.001
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S. Elmacı, H., Olgun, S., & Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active Fault Map of Turkey with an Explanatory Text 1: 1.250.000 scale. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series, 30.
  • Flores-Berrones R & Li Liu X. (2003). “Seismic Vulnerability of Buried Pipelines”. Geofísica Internacional, 42(2), 237-246.
  • Jenks, G. F. (1967). The Data Model Concept in Statistical Mapping. International Yearbook of Cartography, 7, 186-190.
  • Koçyiǧit, A., Yilmaz, A., Adamia, S., & Kuloshvili, S. (2001). Neotectonic of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 177-195. doi:10.1080/09853111.2001.11432443
  • Kokavessis, N. K., & Anagnostidis, G. S. (2006, Haziran). Finite element modelling of buried pipelines subjected to seismic loads: Soil structure interaction using contact elements. Proceedings of the ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada. doi:10.1115/PVP2006-ICPVT-11-93228
  • Lee, H., (2010). Finite element analysis of a buried pipeline. School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering. The University of Manchester, yükseklisans tezi, 199s.
  • Liang, J., & Sun, S., (2000). Site effects on seismic behavior of pipelines: A review. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 122(4), 469-475. doi:10.1115/1.1285974
  • Lin, T. J., Liu, G. Y., Chung, L. L., & Chou, C. H. (2012). Verification of numerical modeling in buried pipelines under large fault movements by small-scale experiments. 15. WCEE, Lisboa.
  • Maddocks, T., & Dunlevie, J. (2016). Tennant Creek 1988 earthquake now Australia's biggest after geoscience revises list, ABC news. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-12/northern-territory-1988-quake-now-rated-australias-biggest/7406988 Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2023.
  • Malczewski, J. (1996) A GIS-based approach to multiple criteria group decision making. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(8), 955-971. doi:10.1080/02693799608902119
  • Manshoori, M. R. (2011). Evaluation of seismic vulnerability and failure modes for pipelines. Procedia Engineering, 14, 3042-3049. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.383
  • Nurlu, M., Özmen, B., & Güler, H. (1995). Deprem zararlarının azaltılmasında coğrafi bilgi sistemi. Deprem Zararlarının Azaltılması Çalışmaları Semineri, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • O’Rourke, T. D., Gowdy, T. E., Stewart, H. E., & Pease, J. W. (1991, Mart). Lifeline and geotechnical aspects of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earhquake. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. University ofMissouri-Rolla, Rolla, Mo, USA.
  • Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (1991). Prediction, Projection and Forecasting. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
  • Sağlam Selçuk, A., Erturac, M. K., Sunal, G., & Çakır, Z. (2020). Evaluation of the Plio-Quaternary tectonic stress regime from fault kinematic analysis in the lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia). Journal of Structural Geology, 140, 104157.
  • Saka, F., & Ortakçı T. (2022). Beton boruların zemin yükleri altında tasarımları. Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 10(2), 425-441. doi:10.36306/konjes.1062886
  • Schiff, A. J. (1997). Northridge Earthquake: Lifeline Performance and Post-Earthquake Response. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering ASCE.
  • Selcuk, L., & Aydın, H. (2012). Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyal zeminlerin kuvvetli yer hareketine etkisi: 2011 Van depremleri. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 36(2), 75-98.
  • Selcuk, L., Sağlam Selçuk, A., & Kasapoğlu, D. (2016). Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı çok kriterli karar analizi (Çkka) kullanılarak, Van ili merkez ilçelerinin kentsel taşkın duyarlılık değerlendirmesi, Van/Türkiye. Yerbilimleri, 37(1), 1-18.
  • Shinozuka, M., Ballantyne, D., Borcherdt, R., Buckle, I., O’Rourke, T., & Schiff, A. (1995). The Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of January 17, 1995. Performance of Lifeline, Tech. Rep., NCEER, Buffalo, NY, USA.
  • Şaroǧlu, F., & Yılmaz, Y. (1986). Doğu Anadolu'da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim ve havza modelleri. Maden Tektik ve Arama Dergisi, 107, 73-94.
  • TİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu), (2023). Temel istatistiksel veriler, nüfus ve demografi, https://www.nufusu.com/ilceleri/van-ilceleri-nufusu Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2023.
  • Toker, M. (2013). Time-dependent analysis of aftershock events and structural impacts on intraplate crustal seismicity of the Van earthquake (Mw 7.1, 23 October 2011), E Anatolia. Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5, 423-434. doi:10.2478/s13533-012-0141-8
  • Toksöz, M. N., Nábělek, J., & Arpat, E. (1978). Source properties of the 1976 earthquake in east Turkey: A comparision of field data and teleseismic results. Tectonophysics, 49(3-4), 199-205. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(78)90178-6
  • Tsai, Yi-B., Yu, T. M., Chao, H. L., & Lee, C. P. (2001). Spatial distribution and age dependence of human-fatality rates from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of 21 September 1999. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5), 1298-1309. doi:10.1785/0120000740
  • Uckan, E., Akbas, B., Kaya, E. S., Cakir, F., Ipek, C., Makaraci, M., & Ataoglu, S. (2016). Design issues of buried pipelines at permanent ground deformation zones. Disaster Science and Engineering, 2(2), 53-58.
  • Uçkan, E. (2013). Lifeline Damage Caused in the 23 October (Mw=7.2) 2011 and 9 November (M=5.6) 2011, Van Earthquakes in Eastern Turkey. In C. Davis, M. Miyajima, L. Yan (Eds.) International Efforts in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph no: 38, ASCE. doi:10.1061/9780784413234.007
  • Utkucu, M. (2013). 23 October 2011 Van, Eastern Anatolia, earthquake (Mw 7.1) and seismotectonics of Lake Van Area. Journal of Seismology, 17, 783-805. doi:10.1007/s10950-012-9354-z
  • Van Westen, C. J., Castellanos, E., & Kuriakose S. L. (2008). Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview. Engineering Geology, 102(3-4), 112-131. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.010
  • Van Westen, C. J. (2013). Remote sensing and GIS for natural hazards assessment and disaster risk management. Treatise on Geomorphology, 40, 259-298. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00051-8
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Engineering and Architecture / Mühendislik ve Mimarlık
Authors

Ülker Cem Kaplan 0009-0005-1650-6641

Osman Seyit Özdamar 0000-0003-1457-9116

Gamze Erkalay 0009-0002-6264-2810

Ali Özvan 0000-0001-5459-3989

Mücip Tapan 0000-0003-4403-4408

Levent Selçuk 0000-0002-7060-8260

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date May 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Kaplan, Ü. C., Özdamar, O. S., Erkalay, G., Özvan, A., et al. (2023). Van İli Kanalizasyon Boru Hatlarının Deprem Performansının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(3), 1043-1058. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1291969