Minör Edebiyattan Diaspora Edebiyatına Suzan Samancı’nın Kürtçe Öykülerinde Göçmen Kadınlar

Abstract

Yazarlık yaşamına Türkçe yazarak başlayan Suzan Samancı’nın eserlerinin içeriğinin Kürtler hakkında olması onun minör edebiyat içerisinde değerlendirilmesine neden olmuştur. Bununla beraber Samancı pek çok kez Kürtçe yazma isteğini dile getirdiği için Kürt edebiyat çevrelerinde onun Kürt edebiyatı içerisinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiği yönünde görüşler de öne sürülmüştür. Samancı Avrupa’ya göç etmiş ve burada Türkçenin yanısıra Kürtçe de yazarak bu tartışmalara son vermiştir. O artık diasporadan yazan bir Kürt kadın edebiyatçısıdır. Samancı’nın edebiyatının sadece dili değil içeriği de değişmiştir. Türkçe yazdığı dönemde de her ne kadar kadınlar ve onların yaşadıkları sorunlar eserlerinin merkezinde yer alsa da Kürtçe eserlerinde kadın kimliği daha fazla ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu öykülerinin neredeyse tamamında göçmen kadınlar ve onların yaşadıkları sorunlar anlatıların merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma bu tartışmalardan yola çıkarak ilk olarak Samancı’nın edebiyat yaşamında meydana gelen değişimi incelemeyi daha sonra da Kürtçe öykülerindeki göçmen kadınların nasıl temsil edildiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre öykülerdeki göçmen kadınlar çoğunlukla partnerleri tarafından şiddete maruz kalmakta, dil ve uyum sorunları ile mücadele ederken bir yandan ırkçılık ile mücadele etmektedirler. Göçmen kadınlar özgürlük elde etmek için geldikleri Avrupa’nın da aslında sahte bir hayal olduğunu görmüşlerdir.

Keywords

• kimlik
• göçmen kadınlar
• diaspora
• feminizm

From Minor Literature to Diasporic Literature Immigrant Women in Suzan Samancı's Kurdish Stories

Abstract

Suzan Samancı began her literary career by writing in Turkish, and the fact that the content of her works is about Kurds has led to her being categorized as a minor writer. However, since Samancı has repeatedly expressed her desire to write in Kurdish, Kurdish literary circles have also argued that she should be included in Kurdish literature. Samancı emigrated to Europe and put an end to these debates by writing in both Kurdish and Turkish. She is now a Kurdish literary figure writing from the diaspora. Not only the language but also the content of Samancı’s literature has changed. Although women and their problems were the focus of her works when she was writing in Turkish, she emphasizes the female identity more strongly in her Kurdish works. In almost all of these stories, immigrant women and their problems are at the center of the narratives. Based on these discussions, this study aims to first examine the changes in Samancı’s literary life and then describe how immigrant women are portryed in her Kurdish stories. According to the results of the study, the immigrant women in the stories are often exposed to violence from their partners and struggle with racism while dealing with language and integration problems. The immigrant women have also realized that Europe, where they have come to seek freedom, is a false dream.

Keywords

• identity
• immigrant women
• diaspora
• feminism

References

1. Ahmedzade, H. (2004). Ulus ve roman. (A. Z. Gündoğan, Trans.). Peri Yayınları.
2. Al-Ali, N., & Tas, L. (2018). Reconsidering nationalism and feminism: The Kurdish political movement in Turkey. Nations and Nationalism, 24(2), 453-473. doi: 10.1111/nana.12383
3. Alan, R. (1998). Metin beklentiler ve eleştiri. War (4), 30-37.
4. Alan, R. (2009). Bendname li ser ruhê edebiyatekê. Avesta Yayınları.
5. Alizadeh, H., Kohlbacher, J., Mohammed, S. Q., & Vaisi, S. (2022). The Status of women in kurdish society and the extent of their interactions in public realm. Sage Journals, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221096
6. Allwood, G., & Wadia, K. (2010). Refugee women in Britain and France. Manchester University Press.
7. Amato, J. (2025). Introduction: Beyond Borders: Diasporic Explorations of Homes and Ancestral Homelands. J. Amato, & K. Pyun in, Multidisciplinary Representations of Home and Homeland in Diaspora (s. 1-21). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003373056-1
8. Anders, G. (2017). Kafka’dan yana Kafka’ya karşı. (H. Belen, & H. Ertürk, Trans.). İthaki.

9. Baran, S. (2014). Dilsel travmadan sessizlîk hallerine: Suzan Samancı. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
10. Begikhani, N. (2024). Gendered Perspectives on the kurdish diaspora ». interview by Lucie Drechselová. Études kurdes, (17), 195-208. https://www.etudeskurdes.org/article/gendered-perspectives-on-the-kurdish-diaspora
11. Begikhani, N., Hamelink, W., & Weiss, N. (2018). Theorising women and war in Kurdistan: A feminist and critical perspective. Kurdish Studies, 6(1), 5-30. https://kurdishstudies.net/menu-script/index.php/KS/article/view/126
12. Bogue, R. (1997). Minor writing and minor literature. Refiguring Europe, 5(2), 99-118. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40550404
13. Bruce, I. (2025). Altneuland: Nationalism and colonial myth in Theodor Herzl, Franz Kafka, and Felix Salten. J. Amato, & K. Pyun in, Multidisciplinary Representations of Home and Homeland in Diaspora (pp. 23-50). Routledge.
14. Bughra, D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand (109), 243-258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x
15. Bughra, D., & Arya, P. (2005). Ethnic density, cultural congruity and mental illness. International Review of Psychiatry, 17(2), 133–137. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260500049984
16. Casanova, P. (2015). Kafka, angry poet. (C. Turner, Trans.) York, Seagull Books.
17. Cewerî, F. (1996). Kultur, huner û edebiyat. Nûdem.
18. Chin, R. (2015). Toward a “minor literature”? the case of ausländerliteratur in postwar Germany. New Perspectives on Turkey, 61-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600006117
19. Corngold, S. (1994). Kafka and the dialect of minor literature. College Literature, 21(1), 89-101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112084
20. Çağlayan, H. (2012). From Kawa the blacksmith to Ishtar the Goddess: Gender constructions in ıdeological-political discourses of the Kurdish Movement in post-1980 Turkey. European Journal of Turkish Studies (14), 1-28. doi:10.4000/ejts.4657
21. Çaha, Ö. (2011). The Kurdish women’s movement: a third-wave feminism within the turkish context. Turkish Studies, 12(3), 435-449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2011.604211
22. Çörekçioğlu, H. (2017). Deleuze: Yaşamla İlişkisinde Felsefe ve Edebiyat. Kibrit.
23. Deleuze, G., & Guttari, F. (2000). Kafka: Minör Bir Edebiyat İçin. (Ö. Uçkan, & I. Egüden, Trans.) Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
24. Deleuze, G., & Guttari, F. (2014). Anti-Ödipus Kapitalizm ve Şizofreni 1. (F. Ege, H. Erdoğan, & M. Yiğitalp, Trans.) Bilim ve Sosyalizm.
25. Edmunds, L. (2010). Kafka on minor literature. German Studies Review, 33(2), 351-374.
26. Erbarıştıran, T. (2019). Suzan Samancı’nın öyküleri üzerine bir deneme. Dorlion.
27. Fernbrant, C., Essen, B., Ostergren, P. O., & Cantor-Graae, E. (2011). Perceived Threat of violence and exposure to physical violence against foreign-born women: a swedish population-based study. Women’s Health Issues, 21(3), 206-213. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2010.12.001
28. Freedman, J. (2016). Reproductive Health Matters an international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights, 18-26. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.05.003
29. Freedman, J. (2016). Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Refugee Women: A Hidden Aspect of the Refugee "Crisis". Reproductive Health Matters an International Journal on Sexual and Reproductive Health And Rights, 18-26. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.05.003
30. Friedlainder, S. (2015). Kafka: Utanç ve şuçluluğun şairi. (T. Aysu, Trans.) İthaki.
31. Garaudy, R. (1991). Picasso Saint-John Perse Kafka. (M. H. Doğan, Trans.) Payel.
32. Guruge, S., Roche, B., & Catallo, C. (2012). Violence against women: an exploration of the physical and mental health trends among ımmigrant and refugee women in Canada. Nursing Research & Practice (special issue on Immigration and Health), 1-15. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434592
33. Gümüş, S. (2012). Öykünün Bahçesi. Can.
34. Hardi, C. (2005). Kurdish women refugees: obstacles and opportunities. D. Ingleby in, Forced Migration and Mental Health, Rethinking the Care of Refugees and Displaced Persons (s. 149-168). Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22693-1_9
35. Jayawardena, K. (2016). Feminism and nationalism ın the third world. Verso.
36. Kandiyoti, D. (2013). Cariyeler, bacılar, yurttaşlar, kimlikler ve toplumsal dönüşümler. (B. Aksu, F. Sayılan, Ş. Tekeli, H. Tapınç, & F. Özbay, Trans.) Metis.
37. Kaplan, İ. (2019). Kurdish writers in turkish: a case of minor literature. İstanbul Şehir University.
38. Khayati, K. (2008). From victim diaspora to transborder citizenship? diaspora formation and transnational relations among kurds in France and Sweden. Linköping Univsersity.
39. Menjívar, C., & Salcido, O. (2002). immigrant women and domestic violence: common experiences in different countries. Gender & Society, 16(6), 898-920. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/089124302237894
40. Mies, M. (1994). Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale woman in the international division of labour. Zed Books.
41. Mojab, S., & Gorman, R. (2007). Dispersed nationalism: war, diaspora and kurdish women’s organizing. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 3(1), 58-85. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/209928/
42. Nilson, M. (2018). Kurdish women in the kurdish–turkish conflict – perceptions, experiences, and strategies. Middle Eastern Studies, 54(4), 638-651. doi: 10.1080/00263206.2018.1443916
43. O’Keefe, T. (2013). Feminist identity development and activism in revolutionary movements. Palgrave Macmillan.
44. Raj, A., & Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against ımmigrant women: the roles of culture, context, and legal ımmigrant status on ıntimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8(3), 367-398. doi: 10.1177/10778010222183107.
45. Rashidrostami, M. (2016). The translingualism of kurdish writers: a postcolinial reading of Ali- Ashraf Darvishian’s autobiographical novel Salhayî Abrî. Studies in Novel, 48(4), 462-476.
46. Samancı, S. (2010). Suzan Samancı Savaş atmosferinin gerisinden: siyasal ve yaralı bir aşk romanı. Notos (21), 92-95.
47. Samancı, S. (2012). Suzan Samancı’nın seçtikleri. Notos (32), 84-85.
48. Samancı, S. (2014). Ew jin û mêrên bi maske. Avesta.
49. Samanci, S. (2021). Çîrokên jinên dil şikestî. Avesta.
50. Scalbert- Yücel, C. (2012). Emergence and equivocal autonomization of a Kurdish literary. The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 357-372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0051
51. Scalbert-Yücel, C. (2011). Languages and the definition of literature: the blurred borders of kurdish literature in contemporary turkey. Middle Eastern Literatures, 14(2), 171-184. doi: 10.1080/1475262X.2011.583467
52. Solà, N. C., & Vermeulen, P. (2024). Introduction: the aesthetic agency of minor literature. Interventions International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 1-19. doi: 0.1080/1369801X.2024.2314275,
53. Taloyan, M., Sundquist, J., & Al-Windi, A. (2008). The impact of ethnicity and self-reported health on psychological well-being: A comparative study of Kurdish-born and Swedish-born people. Nord Journal Psychiatry, 62(5). doi:10.1080/08039480801984263
54. Wagenbach, K. (2008). Franz Kafka yaşam öyküsü. (K. Şipal, Trans.) Cem.
55. Yuval-Davis, N. (2010). Cinsiyet ve milliyet. (A. Bektaş, Trans.). İletişim.
56. Yüksel, M. (2006). The Encounter of kurdish women with nationalism in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(5), 777 – 802. doi:10.1080/00263200600828022