Kamu Yönetiminin Yeni Sorun Alanı: Geçici İşçi Göçü ve Hak-Güvenlik İkilemine Karşı Tutum

Abstract

Küresel işgücü piyasalarının esnek emek talebi ile ulus-devletlerin egemenlik kaygıları arasında şekillenen geçici işgücü göçü politikalarını (GİGP), Kamu Yönetimi disiplinine özgü “Hak-Güvenlik İkilemi” bağlamında incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, ekonomik verimlilik ve ulusal güvenlik gerekçelerinin, göçmen işçilerin sosyal haklara erişimini nasıl kısıtladığını ve yapısal kırılganlığı (prekarite) nasıl kurumsallaştırdığını ortaya koymaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden “en çok farklılaşan sistemler tasarımı” kullanılarak, İtalya, İspanya, Norveç, Japonya ve Türkiye’nin yasal ve politik çerçeveleri, T.H. Marshall’ın sosyal vatandaşlık kuramı ışığında karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, vatandaşlık statüsü eksikliğinin göçmen işçilerin pazarlık gücünü kıran temel mekanizma olduğunu ve güvenliğin, hakları kısıtlayan bir araç olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. İtalya ve İspanya, düzenleme mekanizmalarıyla (Arraigo vb.) “hak temelli entegrasyon” modeli sunarken; Norveç ve Japonya, katı yasal statü şartlarıyla “statü temelli dışlama” modelini benimsemektedir. Türkiye ise hizmet temelli haklar sunan ancak yasal statüde geçicilikte ısrar eden “karma/kriz yönetimi” modeliyle ayrışmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, Kamu Yönetiminin sosyal hakları bir maliyet veya güvenlik tehdidi olarak değil, toplumsal dayanıklılığı ve ekonomik bütünleşmeyi sağlayan bir yatırım olarak görmesi gerektiği, aksi takdirde hak-güvenlik ikileminin sürdürülebilir olmadığı vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Geçici İşgücü Göçü
• Hak-Güvenlik İkilemi
• Sosyal Vatandaşlık
• Kamu Yönetimi
• Prekarite.

A New Problem Area in Public Administration: Temporary Labor Migration and the Approach to the Rights-Security Dilemma

Abstract

The study analyses Temporary Labor Migration Policies (TLMPs), which are shaped by the flexible labor demands of global markets and the sovereignty concerns of nation-states, through the lens of the “Rights-Security Dilemma” in Public Administration. The study aims to demonstrate how economic efficiency and national security rationales limit migrant workers' access to social rights and institutionalize structural precarity. Employing a “most different systems design” qualitative approach, the research comparatively examines the legal and political frameworks of Italy, Spain, Norway, Japan, and Turkey in relation to T.H. Marshall's social citizenship theory. The findings suggest that the absence of citizenship status is the primary factor undermining migrant workers' bargaining power, and that security considerations are employed to restrict rights. Italy and Spain exemplify a “rights-based integration” model through regularization mechanisms such as Arraigo, whereas Norway and Japan implement a “status-based exclusion” model characterized by stringent legal status requirements. Turkey is distinguished by a “hybrid/crisis management” model, which provides service-based rights while maintaining temporary legal status. The study concludes that Public Administration should regard social rights as an investment in social resilience and economic integration, rather than as a cost or security threat. Failure to do so renders the rights-security dilemma unsustainable.

Keywords

• Temporary Labor Migration
• Rights-Security Dilemma
• Social Citizenship
• Public Administration
• Precarity.

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