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Açıl Susam! İnsanın Anlam Dünyasının Büyülü Sözcükleri: Sembolik Formların Diyalektik Harmonisi

Year 2023, Issue: 61, 123 - 140, 01.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1329631

Abstract

Ernst Cassirer Sembolik Formlar Felsefesi yapıtıyla yirminci yüzyıl felsefesine özgün bir katkıda bulunmuştur. İnsanın dünyayla kurduğu iletişim ve etkileşimin sembolik boyutunu kuşatıcı biçimde ele alan bu çok yönlü çalışmada Cassirer kültürün muhtelif uğraklarını bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirir. Cassirer’in felsefi gündeme sunduğu katkı İnsan Üstüne Bir Deneme ve ölümünden sonra yayımlanan Devlet Efsanesi yapıtlarıyla pekiştirilmiştir. Ne var ki bu son yapıtlar yalnızca Cassirer’in düşüncesinin basit bir tekrar ve özetinin ötesine geçerler. Özellikle Devlet Efsanesi Cassirer’in bütüncül kültür felsefesinin açıkta bıraktığı bir sorunla yüzleşmek bakımından önem taşır; mitosun çağdaş siyasal düşünce ve eylemi katılaştıran geri dönüşü. Cassirer kültürü insan özgürleşiminin yenilikçi süreci olarak tanımlar; kültürün ögelerini diyalektik harmonisinde, birini diğerine indirgemeksizin, çözümler. Bir kültür metafiziğinin mevcut sorunları ortadan kaldıracağı şüphelidir, ancak kültüre ilişkin bütüncül bir bakış sunacak felsefi bir çerçeve hala güncel bir ihtiyaçtır. Cassirer böylesi bir çerçeveyi sunmakla birlikte kendi içinde çözüme ulaştırılmayı bekleyen bir dizi soruyu tetikler. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Cassirer’in kültür felsefesinin, sembolik bir varlık olarak insanın anlam dünyasının muhtelif boyutlarını kavramaya fırsat veren yanları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınacaktır. Ardından bu sistematik yaklaşımın ortaya koyduğu özgün kültür çözümlemesinin tarihsel olarak karşılaştığı bir problemle kendini güncellemesinin derinlik ve sınırı ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısında batının anlam dünyasını tümüyle sarsan bir deneyim olarak totalitarizm kültürün külte dönüşmesinin şiddet ve yıkımını belgelemiştir. Dolayısıyla, Cassirer’in kültürü devindiren sembolik formların diyalektik harmoni varsayımının sarsılışı, siyasal bir ufuk ihtiyacını gündeme getirir. Devlet Efsanesi yapıtı bu gerekli tamamlayıcı yorum ufkunu sunmaya çalışmış olsa da Cassirer’den beslenen eleştirel felsefi müdahale damarının sunduğu kuşatıcılıktan uzaktadır.

References

  • Aramayo, R. R. (2019). The kantian background to Cassirer’s political commitment and its parallelisms with Kant’s republicanism and support of the French Revolution. Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy, No: 9, 274-92.
  • Auxier, R. (1997). Susane Langer on symbols and analogy. Process Studies V, 26(1-2), 86-106.
  • Bailey, M. (2020). Cassirer, fatalism and political myth: historical lessons in the consequences of pessimism for international ielations. In Pessimism in International Relations: Provocations, Possibilities, Politics, (53-66). Springer.
  • Barash, J. A. (2000). Political mythologies of the twentieth century in the perspective of Hermann Heller, Ernst Cassirer, and Karl Löwith. Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem, No: 6, 121-33.
  • Cassirer, E. (1946). The myth of the state. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1951). The philosophy of enlightenment. (F. C. A. Koelln and J. P. Pettegrove, Trans.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1966). The philosophy of symbolic forms. volume 3: The phenomenology of knowledge. (R. Manheim, Trans., C. H. Hendel, intorductory notes). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1970). The philosophy of symbolic forms. volume I: Language. (R. Manheim, Trans., C. H. Hendel, Preface and Introduction). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1992). An essay on man: An introduction to a philosophy of human culture. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1996). Philosophy of symbolic forms. volume 4: The metaphysics of symbolic forms. (J. M. Krois and D. P. Verene, Edited by, J. M. Krois, Trans.). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Coskun, D. (2007). The politics of myth: Ernst Cassirer’s pathology of the totalitarian state. Perspectives on Political Science, 36(3), 153-67. DOI: 10.3200/PPSC.36.3.153-167.
  • Dewey, J. (2008). A quest for certainty. In The later works of John Dewey volume 4, 1925-1953. (J. A. Boydston, Edited by, S. E. Toulmin, Introduction by). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Grosholz, E. R. (2010). The humanism of Ernst Cassirer. The Hudson Review, 62(4), 691-698.
  • Horkheimer, M. and T. W. Adorno. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment. Philosophical fragments. (G. S. Noer, E., Edited by, Jephcott, Trans.). Standord, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Friedman, M. (2022). "Ernst Cassirer", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition), (E. N. Zalta, edited by.). <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/cassirer/>.
  • Langer, S. (1942). Philosophy in a new key: A study in the symbolism of reason, rite, and art. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Mali, J. (2008). The myth of state revisited: Ernst Cassirer and modern political theory. In The Symbolic Construction of Reality: The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer, (135-162). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Meland, I. (2010). Rehabilitating Ernst Cassirer and his philosophy–four recent contributions. SATS, 11, 235-256.
  • Schrems, J. J. (1967). Ernst Cassirer and political thought. The Review of Politics, 29(2), 180-203.
  • Skidelsky, E. (2008). The last philosopher of culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Strauss, L. (1959). What is political philosophy and other studies. Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe.
  • Verene, D. P. (2011). The origins of the philosophy of symbolic forms: Kant, Hegel, and Cassirer. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
  • Voegelin, E. (1947). The myth of the state. The Journal of Politics, 9(3), 445-447.

Open Sesame! The Magical Words of the World of Meaning of Human Beings: Dialectical Harmony of the Symbolical Forms

Year 2023, Issue: 61, 123 - 140, 01.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1329631

Abstract

Ernst Cassirer made an original contribution to twentieth century philosophy with his genuine series of the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. Cassirer evaluates the various moments of culture from an integral perspective in this multi-faceted study that covers the symbolic dimension of human communication and interaction with the world. Cassirer's contribution to the philosophical agenda was reinforced by the works An Essay on Man and The Myth of the State, published posthumously. These latter works, however, go beyond mere repetition and summary of Cassirer's thought. Particularly, The Myth of the State is important to confront a problem left open by Cassirer's integral philosophy of culture; the return of myth that consolidates contemporary political thought and action. Cassirer defines culture as the progressive process of human emancipation; analyzes the elements of culture in dialectical harmony, without reducing one to the other. It is doubtful that a metaphysics of culture will eliminate existing problems, but a philosophical framework that will offer an integral view of culture is still a current need. Although Cassirer presents such a framework, it triggers a series of questions waiting to be resolved within itself. In this study, first, the aspects of Cassirer's philosophy of culture that give the opportunity to comprehend the various dimensions of the human beings’ world of meaning will be discussed in detail. Then, it will be tried to describe the depth and limit of the original cultural analysis revealed by this systematic approach to update itself in the face of a historical problem. Within the first half of the twentieth century, totalitarianism, as an experience that completely shook the world of meaning of the West, documented the violence and destruction of the culture's transformation into cult. Thus, the challenge concerning Cassirer's assumption of dialectical harmony of symbolic forms that move culture raises the need for a political horizon. Although The Myth of State has tried to present this necessary complementary horizon of interpretation, it is far from the comprehensive dimension offered by the critical philosophical interventions bolstered mainly by Cassirer’s thought.

References

  • Aramayo, R. R. (2019). The kantian background to Cassirer’s political commitment and its parallelisms with Kant’s republicanism and support of the French Revolution. Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy, No: 9, 274-92.
  • Auxier, R. (1997). Susane Langer on symbols and analogy. Process Studies V, 26(1-2), 86-106.
  • Bailey, M. (2020). Cassirer, fatalism and political myth: historical lessons in the consequences of pessimism for international ielations. In Pessimism in International Relations: Provocations, Possibilities, Politics, (53-66). Springer.
  • Barash, J. A. (2000). Political mythologies of the twentieth century in the perspective of Hermann Heller, Ernst Cassirer, and Karl Löwith. Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem, No: 6, 121-33.
  • Cassirer, E. (1946). The myth of the state. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1951). The philosophy of enlightenment. (F. C. A. Koelln and J. P. Pettegrove, Trans.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1966). The philosophy of symbolic forms. volume 3: The phenomenology of knowledge. (R. Manheim, Trans., C. H. Hendel, intorductory notes). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1970). The philosophy of symbolic forms. volume I: Language. (R. Manheim, Trans., C. H. Hendel, Preface and Introduction). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1992). An essay on man: An introduction to a philosophy of human culture. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Cassirer, E. (1996). Philosophy of symbolic forms. volume 4: The metaphysics of symbolic forms. (J. M. Krois and D. P. Verene, Edited by, J. M. Krois, Trans.). New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Coskun, D. (2007). The politics of myth: Ernst Cassirer’s pathology of the totalitarian state. Perspectives on Political Science, 36(3), 153-67. DOI: 10.3200/PPSC.36.3.153-167.
  • Dewey, J. (2008). A quest for certainty. In The later works of John Dewey volume 4, 1925-1953. (J. A. Boydston, Edited by, S. E. Toulmin, Introduction by). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Grosholz, E. R. (2010). The humanism of Ernst Cassirer. The Hudson Review, 62(4), 691-698.
  • Horkheimer, M. and T. W. Adorno. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment. Philosophical fragments. (G. S. Noer, E., Edited by, Jephcott, Trans.). Standord, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Friedman, M. (2022). "Ernst Cassirer", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition), (E. N. Zalta, edited by.). <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/cassirer/>.
  • Langer, S. (1942). Philosophy in a new key: A study in the symbolism of reason, rite, and art. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Mali, J. (2008). The myth of state revisited: Ernst Cassirer and modern political theory. In The Symbolic Construction of Reality: The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer, (135-162). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Meland, I. (2010). Rehabilitating Ernst Cassirer and his philosophy–four recent contributions. SATS, 11, 235-256.
  • Schrems, J. J. (1967). Ernst Cassirer and political thought. The Review of Politics, 29(2), 180-203.
  • Skidelsky, E. (2008). The last philosopher of culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Strauss, L. (1959). What is political philosophy and other studies. Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe.
  • Verene, D. P. (2011). The origins of the philosophy of symbolic forms: Kant, Hegel, and Cassirer. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
  • Voegelin, E. (1947). The myth of the state. The Journal of Politics, 9(3), 445-447.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Issue
Authors

Ümit Kartal 0000-0002-8440-2968

Publication Date October 1, 2023
Submission Date July 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 61

Cite

APA Kartal, Ü. (2023). Open Sesame! The Magical Words of the World of Meaning of Human Beings: Dialectical Harmony of the Symbolical Forms. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(61), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1329631

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