Türkiye'deki Tarımsal Atıklar: Enerji Potansiyeli ve Mevcut Biyokütle Santrallerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Biyokütle enerjisi; enerji güvenliğini, çeşitliliğini artırmak ve kırsal ekonomiyi geliştirmek için devamlı önem kazanmaktadır. Türkiye'deki mevcut biyokütle enerji tesislerinin daha fazla atık kullandığı bilinmesine rağmen, bu tesislerde tarımsal artıkların kullanımının teşvik edilmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada tarımsal atıklar iki başlık altında incelenmiştir: birincil atıklar (BA), hasat sonrası tarlada kalan atıklardır (mısır sapı, buğday samanı, vb.), ikincil atıklar (İA) ise ürünlerin fabrikada işlenmesinden sonra kalan atıklardır (badem kabuğu, mısır koçanı, vb.). Tarımsal kalıntı miktarı hesaplanırken toprağın korunması, hayvanların beslenmesi, ısınma amaçlı gibi özel kullanımlar dikkate alınır. Türkiye'de 81 ilde en çok ekilen ürünler listelenmiş ve kalori değeri yüksek ürünlerin atıkları üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Bu tarım ürünlerine ait birincil ve ikincil atık miktarları iller bazında ayıklanmış ve haritalanmıştır. Daha sonra bu atıkların enerji potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye'de üretilen toplam BA ve İA miktarı yıllık 39 412 683 ton ve 6 803 787 tondur. Santralin toplam verimi %30 ve biyokütle santralinin kapasite faktörünün 0.65 olduğu varsayıldığında, toplam 81 ilde sadece BA'dan yılda 2 438,5 MW ve sadece İA'dan yılda 830 MW güç elde edilecektir. AHP yöntemine göre, nakliye öncesi ön işlem seçiminde maliyet en önemli kriterdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarımsal artıklar/atıklar
• Biyokütle Santrali
• Biyokütle ön işlem
• Enerji potansiyeli
• Tedarik zinciri

Agricultural Residues in Turkey: Energy Potential and Evaluation of Existing Biomass Power Plants

Abstract

Biomass energy gains importance constantly in order to increase energy security, diversity and develop the rural economy. Most of the existing biomass energy power plants in Turkey use solid waste, it is extremely important to encourage the use of agricultural residues in these facilities. In this study, agricultural residues were examined under two headings: primary residues (PR) are the residues left in the field after harvest (corn stalk, wheat straw, etc.), and secondary residues (SR) are the residues after the products are processed in the factory (almond shell, corn cob, etc.) When calculating the amount of agricultural residues, special uses such as soil protection, animal feeding, heating purposes are taken into account. The most cultivated products across 81 provinces in Turkey are listed and the residues are concentrated on products with high calorific value. The amount of primary and secondary residues belonging to these agricultural products was extracted and mapped based on provinces. Then the energy potential of these residues was calculated. The total amount of PR and SR produced in Turkey is 39 412 683 tonnes and 6 803 787 tonnes. By assuming the total efficiency of the power plant as 30% and the capacity factor of the biomass power plant as 0.65, the power to be obtained from only PRs will be 2 438.5 MW and from only SR will be 830 MW in the total of 81 provinces. Based on AHP method, cost is the most important criterion in the selection of pretreatment before transportation.

Keywords

• Biomass power plant
• Agricultural residues/wastes
• Energy potential
• Biomass pretreatment
• Supply chain

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