Total Phenolic, Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activities in The Stems and Rhizomes of Java Cardamom as Affected by Shading and N Fertilizer Dosages

Abstract

Java cardamom is an herbal medicinal plant known as the "queen of spices." This research aims to determine the influence of shading and nitrogen fertilizer dose on the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Java cardamom stems and rhizomes. The study employed a split-plot design with two factors: the level of shading (0, 25, 50, and 75%) as the main plot and the dosage of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 0.9, and 1.36 g polybag-1) as the subplots. Twelve months after planting, the rhizome and stem dried powder were extracted using the sonication-maceration technique with ethanol as the solvent. The 75% shading affected the more outstanding production of total phenolics (1.65 ± 0.59 mg GAE g-1 DW), DPPH antioxidant (4.95 ± 0.50 µmol TEAC g-1 DW), and FRAP antioxidant (8.94 ± 2.56 µmol TEAC g-1 DW) activities of the rhizomes cultivated with 0 g/polybag N in comparison to the stems of the plants. Contrary to phenolics and antioxidant activities, total flavonoids cultivated at 0% shading with 1.36 g polybag-1 N of the stems increased concentration than the rhizomes. The results indicated that the 75% shading affected the Java cardamom rhizome's phenolic content and antioxidant activities.

Keywords

• Agricultural biochemistry
• Antioxidant
• Flavonoid
• Java cardamom
• Phenolic

References

1. Rani, B., Saraswat, R., Prasad, M., Khan, A. A., Chharang, H., & Maheshwari, R. K. (2018). Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum): a spice of prominent healthcare. J Biol Chem, 35, 194-199.
2. Silalahi, M. (2017). Bioaktivitas Amomum compactum soland ex maton dan perspektif konservasinya. J Pro-Life, 4, 320-328. doi: https://doi.org/10.33541/jpvol6Iss2pp102.
3. Hartady, T., Balia, R. L., Syamsunarno, M. R. A. A., Jasni, S., & Prioseoeryanto, B. P. (2020). Bioactivity of Amomum compactum Soland Ex Maton (Java Cardamom) as a Natural Antibacterial. Syst Rev Pharm, 11, 384-387. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.55.
4. Garg, G., Sharma, S., Dua, A., & Mahajan, R. (2016). Antibacterial potential of polyphenol rich methanol extract of Cardamom (Amomum subulatum). J Innov Biol, 3, 271-275. doi: https://oaji.net/articles/2016/747-1455354530.pdf.
5. Abu-Taweel, G.M. (2018). Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) perinatal exposure effects on the development, behavior and biochemical parameters in mice offspring. Saudi J Biol Sci, 25, 186-193. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs-.2017.08.012.
6. Qonita, A., Riptanti, E. W., & Unchyani, R. (2018). Sustainability of cardamom comparative advantage in Central Java province, Indonesia. Preprints, 1, 2018070573. doi: 10.20944/preprints201807.0573.v1.
7. Pujiarti, R., & Kusumadewi, A. (2020). Chemical compounds, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of A. cardamomum leaves and rhizomes oils on different distillation time. Wood Res J, 11, 35-40. doi: 10.1234/wrjv11i1.484.
8. Moulai-Hacene, F., Boufadi, M. Y., Keddari, S., & Homrani, A. (2020). Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Elettaria cardamomum extract. Pharmacogn J, 12, 1058-1063. doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.149.

9. Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Zou, H., Qiu, L., Zheng, Y., Yang, D., & Wang, Y. (2021). Effects of Light on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. Front Plant Sci, 12, 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781236.
10. Idris, A., Linatoc, A. C., Muhammad, S. M., Aliyu, A, & Abu Bakar, M. F. (2018). Effect of Light Intensity on the Total flavonoid and Total Phenolic Contents of Mikania micrantha and Tridax procumbens. J Sci Tech, 10, 1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.30880/jst.2018.10.04.001.
11. Alagupalamuthirsolai, M., Ankegowda, S. J., & Krishnamurthy, K. S. (2018). Effect of different shade levels on growth, physiology and biochemical characteristics of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). Curr J of App Sci and Tech, 28, 1-9. doi: 10.9734/CJAST/2018-/42040.
12. Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Roy, S., Sharma, P. C. D., Rashid, M. H. A,. & Bala, P. (2012). Impact of multistoreyed agro-forestry systems on growth and yield of turmeric and ginger at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. ESci J of Crop Product, 1, 19–23.
13. Ghasemzadeh, A., & Ghasemzadeh, N. (2011). Effects of shading on synthesis and accumulation of polyphenolic compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) varieties. J Med Plant Res, 5, 2435-2442. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000539.
14. Leghari, S. J., Wahocho, N. A., Laghari, G. M, Hafeez, L. A., Mustafa, B. G., Hussain, T. K., Bhutto, T. A., Wahocho, S. A., & Lashari, A. A. (2016). Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: a review. AENSI J, 10, 209-218.
15. Winarsi, H., Sasongko, N. D., Purwanto, D., & Nuraini, I. (2013). Ekstrak daun kapulaga menurunkan indeks atherogenic dan kadar gula darah tikus diabetes induksi Alloxan. J Agritech, 33, 273-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9548.
16. Asra, R., Azni, N. R., Rusdi, & Nessa. (2019). Antioxidant activities from ethanol extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions of kapulaga leaf (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). J Pharm Sci, 2, 30-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v2i1.17.
17. Tmuši´c, N, Ili´c, Z. S., Milenkovi´c, L., Šuni´c, L., Lalevi´c, D., Kevrešan, Z., Mastilovi´c, J., Stanojevi´c, L., & Cvetkovi´c, D. (2021). Shading of medical plants affects the phytochemical qual.ity of herbal extracts. Horticulturae, 7, 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110437.
18. Ekawati, R. (2018). Shoot production and flavonoid content of waterleaf on shading stress. J Hort. Indonesia, 9, 216-223. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jhi.9.3.216-22.
19. Nurcholis, W., Putri, D. S., Husnawati, H., Aisyah, S. I., & Priosoeryanto, B. P. (2021a). Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from accessions of Amomum compactum fruits. Annals Agri Sci, 66, 58-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/-j.aoas-.2021.04.001.
20. Khumaida, N., Syukur, M., Bintang, M., & Nurcholis, W. (2019). Phenolic and flavonoid content in ethanol extract and agro-morphological diversity of Curcuma aeruginosa accessions growing in West Java, Indonesia. J of Biodiver, 20, 656-663. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d200306.
21. Calvindi, J., Syukur, M., & Nurcholis, W. (2020). Investigation of biochemical characters and antioxidant properties of different winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) genotypes grown in Indonesia. J of Biodiver, 21, 2420-2424. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d210612
22. Nurcholis, W., Khumaida, N., Syukur M., & Bintang, M. (2016). Variability of total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity among 20 Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Accessions of indonesia. Asian J Biochem, 11, 142-148. doi: 10.3923/ajb.2016.142.148.
23. Rahman, N.F., Nursamsiar, Megawati, Handayani, & Suares, C. A. M. (2021). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of kembang bulan leaves (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray). IJPST, 1, 57-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v1i1.36900.
24. Dhurhania, C. E., & Novianto, A. (2018). Uji Kandungan Total fenolik dan Pengaruhnya terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dari berbagai bentuk sediaan sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendens). J Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5, 62-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v5i22018.62-68.
25. Thakur, M., Bhattacharya, S., Khosla, P. K., & Puri, S. (2018). Improving production of plant secondary metabolites through biotic and abiotic elicitation. J of App Res on Med and Aromatic Plants, 12, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2018.11.004.
26. Kusbiantoro, D., & Purwaningrum, Y. (2018). Pemanfaatan kandungan metabolit sekunder pada tanaman kunyit dalam mendukung peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. Jurnal Kultivasi, 17, 544-549. doi: https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v17i1.15669.
27. Busaifi, R. (2017). Korelasi tingkat naungan dan cekaman air terhadap variabel laju pertumbuhan relatif Ageratum conyzoides. Linn. Agriprima: J of App Agric Sci, 1, 154-162. doi: 10.25047/agriprima.v1i2.44.
28. Khurshid, R., Ullah, M. A., Tungmunnithum, D., Drouet, S., Shah, M., Zaeem, A., Hameed, S., Hano, C., & Abbasi, B. H. (2020). Lights triggered differential accumulation of antioxidant and antidiabetic secondary metabolites in callus culture of Eclipta alba L. Plos One, 15, 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. Pon-e.0233963.
29. Deeppa, G., Ayesha, S., Nishtha, K., & Thankamani, M. (2013). Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phytochemical compounds of Indian culinary spices. Int Food Res J, 20, 1711-1716. https://www.scinapse.io/papers/2135616834.
30. Jain, C., Khatana, S., & Vijayvergia, R. (2017). Bioactivity of secondary metabolites of various plants: A review. Inter J of Pharm Sci and Res, 10, 494-504. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(2).494-04.
31. Karimi, E., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Ghasemzadeh, A., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2013). Light intensity effects on production and antioxidant activity of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in leaves, stems and roots of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Australian J of Crop Sci, 7, 1016-1023.
32. Mir, M.Y., Kamili, A. Z., Hassan, Q. P., & Tyub, S. 2017. Effect of light and dark conditions on biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in suspension cultures of Artemisia amygdalina Decne. J Himalayan Ecol Sustain Dev, 12, 107-112.
33. Ramadhan, H., Baidah, D., Lestrai, N. P., & Yuliana, K. A. (2020). Antioxidant activity of 96% ethanol extract of terap (Artocarpus odorratissimus) leaf, flesh and peel using cuprac method. Farmasainsm, 7, 7-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.22236/farmasains.v7i1.4331.
34. Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. (2015). Free radicals in biology and medicine. USA: Oxford University Press.
35. Nurcholis, W., Khumaida, N., Syukur, M., & Bintang, M. (2017). Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract from promising accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Molekul, 12, 133-138. doi: 10.20884/1.jm.2017.12.2.350.
36. Nurcholis, W., Ma’rifah, K., Artika, M. I, Aisyah, S. I., & Prioseoeryanto, B. P. (2021b). Optimization of total flavonoid content from cardamom fruits using a simplex-centroid design, along with the evaluation of the antioxidant properties. Trop J of Nat Prod Res, 5, 1382-1388. doi: doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i8.10.
37. Zhang, H., Yang, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2018). Phenolic and flavonoid contents of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit tissues and their antioxidant capacity as evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. J of Integr Agric, 17, 256-263. doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61664-2.
38. Ӧzyürek, M., Güҫlü, K., Tutem, E., Baskan, K. S., Ercag, E., Celik, E., Baki, S., Yildiz, L., Karaman, S., & Apak, R. (2011). A comprehensive review of CUPRAC methodology. Analytical Method, 3, 2439-2453. doi: 10.1039/c1ay05320e.
39. Kasote, D. M., Katyare, S. S., Hegde, M. V., & Bae, H. (2015). Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. Int J Bio Sci, 11, 982-991. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.12096.
40. Zaini, F., Friska, R. A. R., Muatika, D. M., Tyasmoro, S. Y., Saitama, A., Zini, A. H., & Widaryanto, E. (2021). Enhancement of antioxidant activity of kencur rhizome in the shade by potassium fertilizer. Earth Environ Sci. 913, 1-8. doi: 0.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012006.
41. Khusni, L., Hastuti, R. B., & Prihastanti, E. (2018). Pengaruh naungan terhadap pertumbuhan dan aktivitas antioksidan pada bayam merah (Alternanthera amoena Voss.). Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi. 3, 62-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/baf.3.1.2018.62-70.
42. Suhendra, C. P., Widarta, I. W. R., & Wiadnyani, A. A. I. S. (2019). The Effect of Ethanol Concentration on Antioxidant Activity of Cogon grass Rhizome (Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beuv.) Extract Using Ultrasonic Wave. ITEPA J, 8, 27-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i01.p04.