The Effect of Some Endophytic Bacteria on Seedling Growth and Physiological Properties of Salvia officinalis L.

Abstract

In order to meet the demand for medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.), which is an important economic product, harvesting from nature has economic value. However, it may not always be of the desired standard and quality. Also, the harvesting from nature endangers their natural population causing their genetic base to decline. For this reason, it is important to produce it in an agrosystem and to increase yield in a sustainable way. In this study, the effects of eleven endophyte bacteria (EB) isolates applications on the development, morphology, and physicochemical properties of Salvia officinalis L. were investigated by climate chamber experiments. Peat+perlite+soil (1:1:2) mixture was used as the growing medium and EB was applied two times by soaking method. Effects of EB applications on shoot/root length, root/stem fresh and dry weight, Dualex values (Nitrogen balance index (NBI), flavonol, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll), leaf area, leaf temperature and color values (L*, a) *, b * C and Hue° were examined. All EB applications increased the plant height and leaf area. Also, the majority of EB isolates enhanced the root dry weight. The effect of EB applications on flavonol and chlorophyll content was not found statistically significant. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the nitrogen balance index (NBI). It was also observed that EB applications caused changes in plant color. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that it is possible to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable medicinal sage with appropriate plant-bacteria combinations.

Keywords

• Endophytic bacteria
• PGPR
• Medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

References

1. Akkopru, A., & Ozaktan, H. (2018). Identification of rhizobacteria that increase yield and plant tolerance against angular leaf spot disease in cucumber. Plant Protection Science, 54, 67–7
2. Akkopru, A., Akat, Ş., Ozaktan, H., Gul, A., & Akbaba, M. (2021). The long-term colonization dynamics of endophytic bacteria in cucumber plants, and their effects on yield, fruit quality and Angular Leaf Spot Disease. Scientia Horticulturae, 282, 110005.
3. Altındal, D., & Akgun, İ. (2015). Plant genetic resources and its status in cereals. Adnan Menderes University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 12 (1): 147-153.
4. Altunlu, H., Demiral, O., Dursun, O., Sonmez, M., & Ergun, K. (2019). The effects of microbial fertilizer application on plant growth and yield in sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) cultivation. Journal of Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture, 50(1), 32-39.
5. Anbi, A. A., Mirshekari, B., Eivazi, A., Yarnia, M. & Behrouzyar, E. K. (2020) PGPRs affected photosynthetic capacity and nutrient uptake in different Salvia species. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43:1, 108-121, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2019.1659342.
6. Anonim, (2022). https://leventkirca.com.tr/hue-acisi-nedir-excelde-hue-acisi-nasil-hesaplanir#:~:text=Hue%20de%C4%9Feri%200%20ise%20renk,ise%20ye%C5%9Fil%2C%20370%20is20ise%20mavidir.&text=Renk%20uzay%C4%B1nda%20yer%20alan%20noktan%C4%B1n,artt%C4%B1k%C3%A7a%20genel%20olarak%20renk%20parlakla%C5%9F%C4%B1r.
7. Ardakani, S., Heydari, S. A. Khorasani, N., & ArjmandiR. (2010). Development of new bioformulations of Pseudomonas fluorescens and evaluation of these products against damping-off of cotton seedlings. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92:83–8.
8. Aztekin, F., & Kasım, R. (2017). Ultraviyole ışık ve çevresel stres şartlarında meyve ve sebzelerde antosiyaninlerin oluşumu ve değişimi. Meyve Bilimi (Fruit Science), 1, 181-187.

9. Bayraktar, O. V., Ozturk, G., & Arslan, D. (2017). Evaluation of the developments in the production and marketing of some medicinal and aromatic plants in Türkiye. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 26 (2): 216-229.
10. Birman, H. (2012). Bioactivities and Possible Mechanisms of action of herbal flavonoid compounds. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 1:75:3.
11. Blum, A. (2009). Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. Field Crops Res. 112(2-3): 119-123.
12. Chen, D., Wang, S., Xiong, B., Cao, B., & Deng, X. (2015) Carbon/Nitrogen imbalance associated with drought-induced leaf senescence in Sorghum bicolor. PLoS ONE 10(8):1-17. e0137026. doi:10.1371/ journal. pone.0137026
13. Cirka, M., Tuncturk, R., Kulaz, H., Tuncturk, M., Eryigit, T., & Baran, İ. (2022). Investigation of the effects of rhizobacteria and algae applications on plant growth in broad bean (Vicia Faba L.) plant grown under drought stress. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(2), 1124-1133.
14. Demir, H., & Sonmez, I. (2019). Effects of different organic fertilizers on yield, some quality traits and plant nutrient content in spinach (Spinacia oleraceae L.). Harvest International Agriculture and Forestry Congress, Ankara, pp: 124-136.
15. Egamberdieva, D., & Teixeira da Silva, J. A. (2015). Medicinal plants and PGPR: a new frontier for phytochemicals. In: Egamberdieva, D., Shrivastava, S., & Varma, A. (Eds.). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and medicinal plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
16. Elmas, S. (2021). Sage Cultivation and its commercial importance in Türkiye. International Journal of Eastern Anatolia Science, Engineering and Design, 3 (1), 298-332. DOI: 10.47898/ijeased.880596
17. Esringü, A., Kotan, R., Bayram, F., Ekinci, M., Yıldırım, E., Nadaroğlu, H., & Katırcıoğlu, H. (2016). The effects of different bacterial bioformulation applications on plant growth parameters, yield and enzyme levels in garlic cultivation. Nevşehir Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 214-227.
18. Etesami, H., Alikhani, H. A., & Mirseyed Hosseini, H. (2015). Bacterial Metabolites in Sustainable Agroecosystem. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. In: Maheshwari D. (eds). Indole-3-Acetic Acid and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase: Bacterial Traits Required in Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane and/or Endophytic Competence by Beneficial Bacteria. Vol 12. (pp.183–258). Springer, Cham.
19. Ghorbanpour, M., & Hatami, M. (2014). Biopriming of Salvia officinalis seed with growth promoting rhizobacteria affects invigoration and germination indices. J. Biol. Environ. SCI., 2014, 8(22), 29-36.
20. Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, M., Kariman, K., & Abbaszadeh Dahaji, P. (2016). Phytochemical variations and enhanced efficiency of antioxidant and antimicrobial ingredients in Salvia officinalis as inoculated with different rhizobacteria. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 13(3), 319-330.
21. Glick, B.R. (2014) Bacteria with ACC Deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world. Microbiological Research, 169: 30-39.
22. Grobelak, A., Napora, A., & Kacprzak, M. (2015). Using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve plant growth. Ecological Engineering, 84, 22-28.
23. Hallman, J. M. (1997). The seed of fire: divine suffering in the christology of Cyril of Alexandria and Nestorius of Constantinople. Journal of Early Christian Studies, 5(3), 369-391.
24. Hanson, P., Yang, R. Y., Chang, L. C., Ledesma, L., & Ledesma, D. (2011). Carotenoids, vitamin C, minerals, and total glucosinolates in choysum (Brassica rapa cv g. parachinensis) and kailaan (B. oleracea Alboglabra group) as affected by variety and wet and dry season production. J Food Compos Anal., 24:950-62.
25. Hardoim, P. R. (2011). Bacterial Endophytes of Rice: Their Diversity, Characteristics and Perspectives. Groningen, Nederland, University of Groningen.
26. Hardoim, P. R., van Overbeek, L. S., & van Elsas, J. D. (2008). Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth. Trends in microbiology, 16(10), 463-471.
27. Hayat, R., Ali, S., Amara, U., Khalid, R., & Ahmed, I. (2010). Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Annals of microbiology, 60(4), 579-598.
28. Imriz, G., Ozdemir, F., Topal, I., Ercan, B., Taş, M. N., Yakışır, E., & Okur, O. (2014). Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) promoting plant growth in plant production and their mechanisms of action. Electronic Journal of Microbiology, 12(2), 1-19.
29. Inan, E. (2010). Development of a new type of direct contact dryer and determination of the drying performance of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plant (Master's thesis), Gaziosmanpaşa University, Institute of Science and Technology, Tokat, Türkiye.
30. Larimi, S. B., Shakiba, M., Mohammadinasab, A. D., & Vahed, M. M. (2014). Changes in nitrogen and chlorophyll density and leaf area of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) affected by biofertilizer and nitrogen application. International Journal of Biosciences, 5(9), 256-265.
31. Mercado-Blanco, J., & JJ Lugtenberg, B. (2014). Biotechnological applications of bacterial endophytes. Current Biotechnology, 3(1), 60-75.
32. Mishra, M., Kumar, U., Mishra, P. K., & Prakash, V. (2010). Efficiency of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for the enhancement of Cicer arietinum L. growth and germination under salinity. Advances in Biological Research, 4:92–6.
33. Oral, E., Tuncturk, R., & Tuncturk, M. (2021). The effect of rhizobacteria in the reducing drought stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). Legume Research-An International Journal, 44(10), 1172-1178.
34. Ozbay, N. (2021). Field and laboratory studies for the geographical indication of 'Guldar' tomatoes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, 8 (2), 492-500. DOI: 10.30910/turkjans.900640
35. Phillipson, J.D. (2001). Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 56:237–243.
36. Rahimi, A., Mehrafarin, A., Naghdi Badi, H., & Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. (2013). Effects of bio-stimulators and bio-fertilizers on morphological traits of basil (Ocimum bacilicum L). Annals of Biological Research, 4 (5):146–51.
37. Romano, I., Ventorino, V., & Pepe, O. (2020). Effectiveness of plant beneficial microbes: overview of the methodological approaches for the assessment of root colonization and persistence. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 6.
38. Samancıoglu, A., Yildirim, E., & Şahin, U. (2016). The effect of rhizobacteria applications promoting plant growth on seedling growth and some physiological and biochemical properties of cabbage grown at different irrigation levels. KSU Journal of Natural Sciences, 19(3):332-338.
39. Samani, M. R., Pirbalouti, A. G., Moattar, F., & Golparvar, A. R. (2019). L-Phenylalanine and bio-fertilizers interaction effects on growth, yield and chemical compositions and content of essential oil from the sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 1-8.
40. Selem, E., Tuncturk, R., Nohutcu, L., & Tuncturk, M. (2022). Effects of rhizobacteria and algal species on physiological and biochemical parameters in Calendula officinalis L. under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Elementology, 27(1).
41. Shakiba, M.R., Dabbagh, A., & Mohammadi, S.A. (2010). Effects of drought stress and nitrogen nutrition on seed yield and proline content in bread and durum wheat genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8 (3&4): 857-860 .
42. Sonmez, I., Kalkan, H., Demir, H., Kulcu, R., Yaldiz, O., & Kaplan, M. (2017). Mineral composition and quality parameters of greenhouse grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) depending on fertilization with agricultural waste composts. Acta Scientarium Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 16(3), 85-95.
43. Sonmez, I., Maltas, A.Ş., Sarıkaya, H.Ş., Dogan, A., & Kaplan, M. (2019) Determination of the effects of chicken manure applications on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and yield. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 32(1): 101-107. 27.
44. Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M. & Oral, E. (2021). The effect of rhizobacterium (PGPR) applications on some physiological properties of soybean (Glycine max L.) grown under drought stress conditions. Journal of ÇOMÜ Faculty of Agriculture, 9 (2), 359-368. DOI: 10.33202/comuagri.881226.
45. Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M., & Bat, M. (2020). Effects of drought stress and seaweed applications on some physiological parameters in Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.) plant. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(1), 99-107.
46. Turan, M., Ekinci, M., Yildirim, E., Gunes, A., Karagoz, K., Kotan, R.,, & Dursun, A. (2014) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improved growth, nutrient, and hormone content of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) seedlings. Turkish J. Agri. For., 38: 327-333.
47. Ucar C., & Akkopru, A. (2022). Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Determination of the biocontrol capacity of endophytic bacteria against secondary infection of michiganensis. Harran Journal of Agricultural and Food Sciences, 26(1), 50-59.
48. Yıldırım, E., Karlıdag, H., Turan, M., Dursun, A., & Goktepe, F. (2011). Growth, nutrient uptake, and yield promotion of broccoli by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with manure. Hortscience, 46 (6): 932– 936.
49. Zhang, W., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., LanG, D., & Zhang, X. (2019). Growth-promoting bacteria alleviates drought stress of G. uralensis through improving photosynthesis characteristics and water status. Journal of Plant Interact. 14 (1):580-589.