Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be applied using drip irrigation systems. However, the choice of driplines and types of drippers significantly impacts the efficacy of field applications. This study investigated the performance of EPN applications using two common dripper types (katif and cylindrical drippers) under both pot and field conditions. The primary objective of the study was to optimize EPN applications and create a modular system in which driplines and drippers can be selected based on the target pest or plant. In our modular system, driplines were connected to a battery-powered backpack sprayer rather than an irrigation system. The efficacy of EPN applications was assessed on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae at a commercial dose of approximately 50 IJs cm-2. The results revealed that only 60% of the nematodes were discharged from the cylindrical drippers, with 40% becoming trapped in the irrigation system. In contrast, over 90% of the nematodes were successfully discharged from the katif dripper. As a result, the katif dripper exhibited significantly higher larval mortality compared to all other application methods. These findings emphasize the substantial impact of the dripper type on EPN discharge, while also highlighting the applicability of the modular method for EPN applications.
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)
Project Number
TOVAG 120O286
Thanks
This study was financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project number: TOVAG - 120O286). The authors would like to thank the Biotechnology Application and Research Centre for providing the facilities for laboratory assays. The authors also thank Edwin Lewis, Glen Stevens, Lucas Ripa, and Halil Ünal.
References
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Cabanillas, H. E., & Raulston, J. R. (1996). Effects of furrow irrigation on the distribution and infectivity of Steinernema riobravis against corn earworm in corn. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 19(3), 273–281.
Campos-Herrera, R. (2015). Nematode pathogenesis of insects and other pests: Ecology and applied technologies for sustainable plant and crop protection. In R. Campos-Herrera (Ed.), Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection (pp. 231–254). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7
Conner, J. M., McSorley, R., Stansly, P. A., & Pitts, D. J. (1998). Delivery of Steinernema riobravis through a drip irrigation system. Nematropica, 28(1), 95–100.
Curran, J., & Patel, V. (1988). Use of a trickle irrigation system to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of weevil pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of strawberries. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 28(5), 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9880639
Çelik, S., Tozlu, G., & Kotan, R. (2023). The Investigation of Effect of Bacteria in Biological Control of Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus spp.) and Plant Yield Parameter in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(4), 689–699. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1319995
Dede, E., Bütüner, A. K., & Susurluk, A. (2023). Biocontrol potential of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HBH hybrid strain against the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L., 1761 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1162125
Devi, G. (2018). Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes—A review. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(3), 1032–1043. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.3.41
Dito, D. F., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Dunlap, C. A., Behle, R. W., & Lewis, E. E. (2016). Enhanced biological control potential of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, applied with a protective gel formulation. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 26(6), 835–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2016.1159659
Dunn, M. D., Belur, P. D., & Malan, A. P. (2020). In vitro liquid culture and optimization of Steinernema jeffreyense using shake flasks. BioControl, 65(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-019-09977-7
Dunn, M. D., Belur, P. D., & Malan, A. P. (2021). A review of the in vitro liquid mass culture of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 31(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2020.1837072
Erdoğan, H., Ulu, T. C., & Kuşçu, H. (2020). The effect of different dripper properties on entomopathogenic nematode application in drip irrigation. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(1), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.533723
Erdoğan, H., Ünal, H., & Lewis, E. E. (2021). Entomopathogenic nematode dispensing robot: NEMABOT. Expert Systems with Applications, 172(February), 114661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114661
Erdoğan, H., Ünal, H., Susurluk, İ. A., & Lewis, E. E. (2023). Precision application of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora as a biological control agent through the Nemabot. Crop Protection, 174, 106429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106429
Garcia, L. C., Raetano, C. G., & Leite, L. G. (2008). Application technology for the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn. Neotropical Entomology, 37(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2008000300010
Gaugler, R. (2002). Entomopathogenic nematology. In R. Gaugler (Ed.), Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995670.0000
Glare, T., Caradus, J., Gelernter, W., Jackson, T., Keyhani, N., Köhl, J., Marrone, P., Morin, L., & Stewart, A. (2012). Have biopesticides come of age? Trends in Biotechnology, 30(5), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.01.003
Grewal, P. S. (2000). Enhanced ambient storage stability of an entomopathogenic nematode through anhydrobiosis. Pest Management Science, 56(5), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1526-4998(200005)56:5<401::AID-PS137>3.0.CO;2-4
Guy, A., Gaffney, M., Kapranas, A., & Griffin, C. T. (2017). Conditioning the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis megidis by pre-application storage improves efficacy against black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at low and moderate temperatures. Biological Control, 108, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.02.005
Jaffuel, G., Imperiali, N., Shelby, K., Campos-Herrera, R., Geisert, R., Maurhofer, M., Loper, J., Keel, C., Turlings, T. C. J., & Hibbard, B. E. (2019). Protecting maize from rootworm damage with the combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3127. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39753-7
Kagimu, N., & Malan, A. P. (2019). Formulation of South African entomopathogenic nematodes using alginate beads and diatomaceous earth. BioControl, 64(4), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-019-09945-1
Kaplan, F., Perret-Gentil, A., Giurintano, J., Stevens, G., Erdogan, H., Schiller, K. C., Mirti, A., Sampson, E., Torres, C., Sun, J., Lewis, E. E., & Shapiro-Ilan, D. (2020). Conspecific and heterospecific pheromones stimulate dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes during quiescence. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 5738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62817-y
Kapranas, A., Malone, B., Quinn, S., O’Tuama, P., Peters, A., & Griffin, C. T. (2017). Optimizing the application method of entomopathogenic nematode suspension for biological control of large pine weevil Hylobius abietis. BioControl, 62(5), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9824-x
Kaya, H. K., & Gaugler, R. (1993). Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annual Review of Entomology, 38(1), 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145
Łaczyński, A., Dierickx, W., & De Moor, A. (2007). The effect of agitation system, temperature of the spray liquid, nematode concentration, and air injection on the viability of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 17(8), 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150701527474
Lara, J. C., Dolinski, C., De Sousa, E. F., & Daher, R. F. (2008). Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation system on Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) infective juvenile. Scientia Agricola, 65(4), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162008000400017
Mason, J. M., Matthews, G. A., & Wright, D. J. (1998). Appraisal of spinning disc technology for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes. Crop Protection, 17(5), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00042-8
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