Unveiling Bioactive Profiles: Comparative Analysis of Soluble and Insoluble Compounds in Katokkon Chili Landraces of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Katokkon chili is a type of local chili from Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, which has a unique character, both in shape and spicy taste. This research will reveal the bioactive compounds in three Katokkon chilies' landraces: Limbong Sampolo Sampolo, Leatung 1, and Leatung 2. Dissolved and undissolved bioactive compounds were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The findings were that these three Katokkon chili landraces had different bioactive compound compositions. However, the Limbong Sampolo Sampolo landrace has the most bioactive compounds, namely 58 types, compared to the Leatung landraces 1 (36 compounds) and 2 (32 compounds). The most soluble bioactive compound in the Limbong Sampolo Sampolo landrace is n-hexadecanoic acid, while in the Leatung 1 and 2 landraces, it is capsaicin. Then, the insoluble bioactive compounds were dominated.

Keywords

• Katokkon
• Toraja
• Landrace
• Bioactive

References

1. Alonso-Villegas, R., González-Amaro, R. M., Figueroa-Hernández, C. Y., & Rodriguez-Buenfil, I. M. (2023). The genus capsicum, A review of bioactive properties of itspolyphenolic and capsaicinoid composition. Molecules, 28(10). Doi: https//doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104239
2. Alrabie, A., ALSaeedy, M., Al-Adhreai, A., Al-Qadsy, I., Al-Odayni, A., Saeed, W. S., Hasan, A., & Farooqui. (2023). Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots, A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis. Open Chemistry, 21(1). Doi: https//doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0179
3. Anwar, R., & Lewar, Y. S. (2023). Identification of secondary metabolite compounds in nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) using different solvents types. Median, 15(3), 136-145. Doi: https//doi.org/10.33506/md.v15i3.2788
4. Awotedu, O. L., Okeke, U. E., Ogunbamowo, P. O., Ariwoola, O. S., & Omolola, T. O. (2020). Extraction of phytochemical compounds of Leea guineensis (G. Don) leaves using non-polar and polar solvents. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 24–31. Doi: https//doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2020/V31I230213
5. Basharat, S., Gilani, S. A., Iftikhar, F., Murtaza, M. A., Basharat, A., Sattar, A., Qamar, M. M., & Ali, M. (2021). Capsaicin, plants of the genus capsicum and positive effect of oriental spice on skin health. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(6), 1-11. Doi: https//doi.org/10.1159/000512196
6. Batiha, G. E., Alqahtani, A., Ojo, O. A., Shaheen, H. M., Waef, L., Elzeiny, M., Ismail, M., Shalaby, M., Murata, T., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., Rivero-Perez, N., Beshbishy, A. M., Kasozi, K. I., Jeandet, P., & Hetta, H. F. (2020). Biological properties, bioactive constituents, and pharmacokinetics of some Capsicum spp. and capsaicinoids. International Journal of Molecular Science, 21(15), 1-36. Doi: https//doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155179
7. Carrillo, C., Cavia, M. M., & Alonso-Torre, S. (2012). Role of oleic acid in immune system; mechanism of action; a review. Nutr Hosp, 27(4), 978-990. Doi: https//doi.org/10.3305/nh.2012.27.4.5783
8. Chapa-Olivier, A. M., & Mejía-Teniente, L. (2016). Capsaicin, from plants to a cancer-suppressing agent. Molecules, 21(8). Doi: https//doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080931

9. Das, U. N. (2006). Essential fatty acids, Biochemistry, physiology, and pathology. Biotechnology Journal, 1(4), 420-439.
10. De Roos, B., & Calder, P. C. (2018). The anti-inflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 98, 1-10.
11. Dewi, I. A., Dania, W. A. P., & Wardani, B. R. K. (2015). Supply chain performance identification of horticulture productat cooperative brenjonk in Trawas, Mojokerto. Agriculture and Agricultural Sceince Procedia, 3, 163-168. Doi: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.032
12. Easwaran, L., & Ramani, V. A. (2014). Phytochemical examination and GC-MS studies of the medicinal plant Naravelia zeylanica. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 3(5), 1180-1188.
13. Ergün, F. (2021). Determination of bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of cemele pepper grown in Kırşehir. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Science, 8(3), 693-701.
14. Ergün, F., Taşkın, A., & Ergün, D. (2024). Effects of sprayıng cemele pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) extracts onto hatchıng eggs of atak-s layer hens on hatchıng results, serum glutathıone and malondıaldehyde levels. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 34(5), 1210-1219.
15. Igwe, O. U., & Okwu, D. E. (2013). GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma (HARMS). Asian J. Plant Sci. Res, 3(2), 47-54.
16. Levono, & Prasad, M. (2017). GC-MS profiling of capsaicinoids present in Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv. (Naga King Chilli) and evaluation of its antifungal activity. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 29(12), 2674-2678. Doi: https//doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20797
17. Maddo, F. V., Aminah, S., & Afadil. (2021). Analysis of lycopene content and antioxidant activity test of Katokkon chili extract (Capsicum chinese Jacq). Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 10(4), 277-232.
18. Maokam, C., Techawongstien, S., & Chanthai, S. (2014). Determination of major and minor capsaicinoids in different varieties of the capsicum fruits using GC-MS and their inhibition effect of the chilli extract on α-amylase activity. International Food Research Journal, 21(6), 2237-2243.
19. Mozaffarian, D. & Wu, J. H. Y. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease, effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(20), 2047-2067.
20. Nugrahapsari, R. A., & Arsanti, I. W. (2019). Analizing curly chili price volatility in Indonesia using the ARCH GARCH approach. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 36(1), 1-13. Doi: http//dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v36n1.2018.1-13
21. Okwu, D. E., & Morah, F. N. I. (2006). The potential of Garcinia kola seed as a source for nutraceuticals. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science, 28, 605-611.
22. Öntürk, G., & Çürük, S. (2019). Plant and fruit characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) populations grown in different districts of Hatay province. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.620498
23. Poudyal, H., & Brown, L. (2011). Mixed evidence for the health effects of olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk. Nutrition Reviews, 69(11), 694-708.
24. Raederstorff, D., Wyss, A., Calder, P. C., Weber, P., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2015) Vitamin E function and requirements in relation to PUFA. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1113-22.
25. Reyes-Escogido, M. D. L., Gonzalez-Mondragon, E. G. & Vazquez-Tzompantzi, E. (2011). Chemical and pharmacological aspects of capsaicin. Molecules, 16(2), 1253-1270
26. Rodriguez-Leyva, D., Dupasquier, C. M., McCullough, R., & Pierce, G. N. (2010) The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 26(9), 489-96.
27. Santa-María, C., López-Enríquez, S., & Paz, S. (2023). Update on anti inflammatory molecular mechanisms induced by oleic acid. Nutrients, 15(1). https,//doi.org/10.3390/nu15010224
28. Surh, Y. J. (2002). More than spice, capsaicin in hot chili peppers makes tumor cells commit suicide. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(17), 1263-1265.
29. Taolin, C. (2019). Efek antimikroba capsaicin. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 10(2), 212-216. doi,10.35816/jiskh.v10i2.152
30. Traber, M. G. & Stevens, J. F. (2011). Vitamins C and E, beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(5), 1000-1013.
31. Warisno, & Dahana, K. (2010). Peluang usaha dan budidaya cabai. Jakarta, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
32. Yang, Z. H., Miyahra, H. & Hatanaka, A. (2021). Chronic administration of palmitoleic acid reduces insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in KK-Ay Mice with genetic type 2 diabetes. Lipids in Health and Disease, 10, 1-8.