Zinc Application Methods Affect Agronomy Traits and Grain Micronutrients in Bread and Durum Wheat under Zinc-Deficient Calcareous Soil

Abstract

Zn deficiency is a worldwide nutritional constraint in crop production particularly in cereals growing calcareous soils. In order to study the effect of different zinc-sulfate application methods on grain yield, agronomy traits and grain micronutrients of wheat, a pot experiment was carried out in a calcareous soil in factorial experiment at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 30 treatments (6 Zn application methods, and 5 wheat genotypes) in four replications. Treatments were the first factor included six levels of applied Zn were (1) control (non Zn application), (2) soil application (5 mg Zn kg^-1 soil), (3) seed application (3% (w/v) Zn for 1 kg seed), (4) foliar application at stem elongation and early grain filling stages (zinc sulfate was sprayed at a rate of 0.44 g Zn l^-1, (5) seed spray + foliar (combination of methods 3 and 4) and (6) soil + foliar (combination of methods 2 and 4), and also the second factor was five wheat genotypes including two spring bread wheat (‘Pishtaz’ and ‘Sivand’) and three spring durum wheat (‘Diyarbakır-81’, ‘Bisu-1’ and line ‘45558’). Both soil and foliar Zinc application methods could improve yield and grain Zn concentration; however, generally bread wheat had the better agronomic traits, grain yield as well as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in grain compared with durum wheat. The foliar Zn application was more effective in increasing Zn, Fe, Mn and ascorbic acid concentrations in grain. Different Zn treatments methods significantly increased Zn concentration and decreased phytate content of the wheat grain, as well as decreased grain phytate/Zn molar ratios. Thus, it seems that soil and foliar Zn application would improve the quantity and quality of the wheat yield in Zn-deficient soils. Therefore, fertilizer strategy (e.g., agronomic biofortification) appears as short-term solution to alleviate malnutrition problem.

Çinko Uygulama Yöntemlerinin Çinko-Eksikliği Olan Kalkerli Topraklarda Ekmeklik ve Makarnalık Buğdayın Agronomik Özellikleri ve Tane Mikrobesin Maddeleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Zn eksikliği, bitkisel üretimde ve özellikle kireçli topraklarda büyüyen tahıllarda dünya çapında bir besin kısıtlamasıdır. Farklı çinko sülfat uygulama yöntemlerinin buğday tahıl verimi, agronomik özellikleri ve tahıl mikrobesin maddeleri üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla, kireçli toprakta bir saksı denemesi, tesadüf blokları faktöryel deneme desenine göre dört tekrarlamalı, 30 uygulamalı (6 Zn uygulama yöntemi ve 5 buğday genotipi) olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulamalarda birinci faktör olarak 6 adet Zn uygulama yöntemi [(1) kontrol (Zn uygulaması yok), (2) toprak uygulaması (5 mg Zn/kg toprak), (3) tohum uygulaması (%3 (w/v) Zn/1kg tohum, (4) kök uzatma ve erken tane dolum aşamasında yaprak gübrelemesi (çinko sülfat 0.44 g Zn/L oranında püskürtme), (5) tohum uygulaması + yaprak gübrelemesi (3. ve 4. uygulamaların kombinasyonu) ve (6) toprak uygulaması + yaprak gübrelemesi (2. ve 4. uygulamaların kombinasyonu)] ve ikinci faktör olarak 5 adet buğday genotipi [iki ilkbahar ekmeklik buğdayı ('Pishtaz' ve 'Sivand') ve üç ilkbahar makarnalık buğday ('Diyarbakır-81’, ‘Bisu-1’ ve ‘45558’ hattı] ele alınmıştır. Hem toprak hem de yaprak çinko uygulama yöntemleri verim ve tane Zn konsantrasyonu artırmıştır; bununla birlikte, genel olarak ekmeklik buğdaylar, makarnalık buğdaylara göre tane Zn, Fe, Cu ve Mn içeriklerinin yanı sıra agronomik özellikler ve verim bakımından daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Yapraktan Zn uygulaması, tane Zn, Fe, Mn ve askorbik asit konsantrasyonlarının artırılmasında daha etkili olmuştur. Farklı Zn uygulama yöntemleri buğday tanelerinde belirgin bir şekilde Zn konsantrasyonu artırırken, fitik asit içeriğinin azalmasına; dolayısıyla da tanede fitik asit/Zn oranının azalmasına yol açmıştır. Sonuç olarak, toprak ve yapraktan Zn uygulaması, Zn eksikliği olan topraklarda buğday verim miktarını ve kalitesini artırabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, gübreleme stratejisi (tarımsal besin zenginleştirme) kötü beslenme sorunu hafifletmek için kısa vadeli bir çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

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