The Importance of Maternal and/or In ovo Antioxidant Feeding for Gene Expression and Performance in Poultry

Abstract

At the present time, the nutrient requirements were increased with increasing of embryo metabolic rate according as the intensive selection applied to commercial poultry. Failure to meet this changing nutrient requirement causes adverse effects on parameters such as embriyonic development, hatching power, hatching quality and post-hatching performance. Poultry eggs contain large amounts of maternally-derived antioxidants that protect the embryo from oxidative damage caused by intense embryonic metabolism. There are few experimentally (in ovo and maternally feeding) studies have tested the effects of experimental change in yolk concentration of a major antioxidant on other antioxidant content of egg yolk, embryo and post hatch chick survive, whether, oxidative stress were affected from manipulation of antioxidants or not, to compare effects of this on postnatal chick development. At the same time, it has been reported that to increase breeder’s productivity and postnatal survival rate, breeders can transfer antioxidants from feed to egg as a part of complex epigenetic mechanism. Maternal and in ovo antioxidant feeding increase antioxidant level in the embryo tissues to be used by embryo in the critical period therefore it positively effects embryo viability, increases hatching weight and improves post-hatching feed consumption and yield. This positive effect was related to increase of the number of expressing genes with epigenetic effects, due to previous studies were determined that this effect was continuing for a few generations. In this review, articles on gene expression relationship with increased antioxidant concentration of embryo via maternal feeding or in ovo feeding have been reviwed.

Keywords

• Maternal nutrition
• Antioxidants
• Gene expression
• in ovo injection

Anaçların (Maternal) ve/veya Yumurta İçi (İn ovo) Antioksidan Beslemenin Kanatlılarda Gen Ekspresyonu ve Performans için Önemi

Öz

Günümüzde ticari kanatlı hayvanlara uygulanan yoğun seleksiyona bağlı olarak embriyoların metabolik hızının artmasıyla birlikte besin madde gereksinimleri de artmıştır. Bu değişen besin madde ihtiyacının karşılanmaması embriyonik gelişim, çıkış gücü, çıkış kalitesi ve çıkış sonrası performans gibi parametreler üzerinde olumsuz etkiye neden olmaktadır. Yumurta, embriyonal gelişim sırasında yoğun embriyonik metabolizmanın sebep olduğu oksidatif hasardan embriyoyu korumak amacıyla, maternal kökenli antioksidanları bol miktarda içermektedir. Damızlıkların (maternal) antioksidan ilaveli yemlerle beslenmesi veya damızlıklardan elde edilen yumurtaların kuluçka esnasında yumurta içi (in ovo) antioksidan beslenmesi ile deneysel olarak yumurtanın temel antioksidan içeriğinin değiştirilmesinin, embriyo ve civcivlerin antioksidan bileşenleri üzerine etkisinin olduğu, oksidatif stresin zararlı etkisinin azaldığı ve sonuçta çıkış sonrası civciv gelişiminin olumlu yönde etkilendiği yapılan çalışmalarla bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca maternal verimi artırmak ve çıkış sonrası civcivlerin yaşama gücünü iyileştirmek amacıyla anaçlar karmaşık epigenetik maternal etkinin bir parçası olarak antioksidanları yemden yumurtaya transfer ettikleri ileri sürülmektedir. Maternal ve in ovo antioksidan besleme ile embriyonun kritik dönemde ihtiyaç duyduğu antioksidan miktarının artırılması, embriyo dokularındaki antioksidan miktarını yükseltmekte, dolayısıyla embriyonun yaşama gücünü olumlu yönde etkilemekte, civciv çıkış ağırlığında artış gözlenmekte, çıkış sonrası yem kullanımını ve verimi iyileştirmekte olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu olumlu etkinin, embriyonun epigenetik etki ile eksprese olan gen sayısındaki artış ile ilişkili olduğu, bu nedenle de bu etkinin birden fazla kuşağı etkileyebileceğini ileri süren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu derlemede, kanatlı damızlık yemi ya da döllü yumurtalara in ovo besleme yolu ile antioksidan konsantrasyonu artırılmış embriyoların gen ekspresyon ilişkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maternal besleme
• Antioksidanlar
• Gen ekspresyonu
• in ovo enjeksiyon
• Maternal besleme

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