Antioxidant Properties of Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory) Extracts and Their Cytotoxic Effects on HepG2 Cells

Year 2020, , 444 - 453, 30.09.2020

Neşe Eray , Deniz İrtem Kartal , İsmail Çelik

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.686993

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a biennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The aim of the study is to reveal the antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profile of the different extracts and to determine the cytotoxic effects of the extracts on liver cancer cell line. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and total phenolic (TPC) and flavanoid (TFC) contents were measured spectrophotometrically. The cytotoxic effect of the plant on HepG2 cell line was examined by XTT colorimetric assay. The highest extraction yield was obtained from the flower. The highest total phenol content was obtained from the flower methanol extracts and calculated as 186.3±3.281 µg GAE/mg. In both quercetin and catechin standards, total flavonoid contents of the stem and leaf methanol extracts were found to be significantly higher. The IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activities of water and methanolic extracts of the flowers were calculated as 7.5±0.247 mg ml-1 and 3.593±0.1849 mg ml-1, respectively. The IC50 values of the stem extracts on HepG2 cells were calculated as 0.64 mg ml-1 for methanol and 2.44 mg ml-1 for water. The IC50 values of the leaf extracts were calculated as 2.58 mg ml-1 for water and 0.69 mg ml-1 for methanol. As a result, the cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extracts on cell viability were significantly higher than the water extracts of Chicory intybus L. It has been demonstrated that, unlike the root of the plant, which is commonly consumed in the public, the stem, leaves and flowers of the plant should be further examined in terms of biological activities.Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a biennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The aim of the study is to reveal the antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profile of the different extracts and to determine the cytotoxic effects of the extracts on liver cancer cell line. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and total phenolic (TPC) and flavanoid (TFC) contents were measured spectrophotometrically. The cytotoxic effect of the plant on HepG2 cell line was examined by XTT colorimetric assay. The highest extraction yield was obtained from the flower. The highest total phenol content was obtained from the flower methanol extracts and calculated as 186.3±3.281 µg GAE/mg. In both quercetin and catechin standards, total flavonoid contents of the stem and leaf methanol extracts were found to be significantly higher. The IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activities of water and methanolic extracts of the flowers were calculated as 7.5±0.247 mg ml-1 and 3.593±0.1849 mg ml-1, respectively. The IC50 values of the stem extracts on HepG2 cells were calculated as 0.64 mg ml-1 for methanol and 2.44 mg ml-1 for water. The IC50 values of the leaf extracts were calculated as 2.58 mg ml-1 for water and 0.69 mg ml-1 for methanol. As a result, the cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extracts on cell viability were significantly higher than the water extracts of Chicory intybus L. It has been demonstrated that, unlike the root of the plant, which is commonly consumed in the public, the stem, leaves and flowers of the plant should be further examined in terms of biological activities.

Keywords

Chicory intybus L., Cytotoxicity, HepG2

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yuzuncu Yil University

Project Number

FBG-2018-6165

Thanks

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yuzuncu Yil University (project no: FBG-2018-6165).

Cichorium intybus L. (Hindiba) Ekstraktlarının Antioksidan Özellikleri ve HepG2 Hücreleri Üzerindeki Sitotoksik Etkileri

Abstract

Hindiba (Cichorium intybus L.) Asteraceae familyasına ait iki yıllık bir bitkidir. Çalışmadaki amaç, Cichorium intybus L. bitkisinin farklı ekstrelerinin sahip olduğu antioksidan kapasiteleri ve fitokimyasal profili belirlemek ve ekstrelerin kanserli hüre hattı üzerinde sitotoksik etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. İn vitro antioksidan aktivite DPPH radikal süpürme metodu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Total fenol ve flavonoid içerik spektrofotometrik olarak ölçülmüştür. Bitki ekstrelerinin hücre hatları üzerindeki sitotoksik etkileri XTT kolorimetrik analiz ile belirlenmiştir. En yüksek ekstraksiyon verimi, çiçekten elde edilmiştir. En yüksek total fenol içeriği çiçek metanol ekstrelerinden elde edilmiştir ve 186, 3 ± 3,281 ug GAE/mg olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hem Quercetin hem de Catechin standartlarında, gövde ve yaprak metanol ekstrelerinin toplam flanovoid içeriği önemli derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Çiçeğin su ve metanol ekstraktlarının radikal süpürme aktivitelerine ait IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 7.5 ± 0.247 ve 3.593 ± 0.1849 mg/ml olarak hesaplanmıştır. HepG2 hücreleri üzerindeki kök ekstraktlarının IC50 değerleri, metanol için 0.64 mg/ml ve su için 2.44 mg / ml olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yaprak ekstrelerinin IC50 değerleri su için 2.58 ve metanol için 0.69 mg / ml olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, metanol ekstrelerinin hücre canlılığı üzerindeki sitotoksik etkileri su ekstraktlarından önemli ölçüde daha yüksek olmuştur. Halkta yaygın olarak tüketilen bitkinin kök kısmının aksine, bitkinin gövde, yaprak ve çiçeklerinin terapötik amaçlar için incelenmesi gerektiği gösterilmiştir.

Keywords

Chicory intybus L., Sitotoksisite, HepG2

Project Number

FBG-2018-6165

References

• Al-Snafi, A.E. (2016). Medical importance of Cichorium intybus – A review. IOSR J Pharmacy, 6: 41-56
• Azwanida, N.N. (2015). A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants, 4: 1–6.
• Babaoğlu, M., Ekrem, G., & Sebahattin, Ö. (2001). Bitki Biyoteknolojisi I: Doku Kültürü ve Uygulamaları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Yayınları, Konya, 374s.
• Bais, H.P.,& Ravishankar, G.A. (2001). Cichorium intybus L. cultivation, processing, utility, value addition and biotechnology, with an emphasis on current status and future prospects J. Sci. Food Agric., 81 pp. 467-484
• Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200.
• Dalar, A., & Konczak, I. (2014). Cichorium intybus from Eastern Anatolia: Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Ind Crop Prod.; 60: 79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.043
• Gospodinova, Z., & Krasteva, M. (2015). Cichorium intybus L from Bulgaria inhibits viability of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Genet. Plant Physiol.5, 15–22.
• Jasim, S.R. (2018). Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and phytochemical constituents of Cichorium intybus L. aerial parts. International Journal of Botany, vol. 14, N 1, pp. 24—29. https://doi.org/10.3923/ ijb.2018.24.29
• Karaman, Ş., Tütem, E., Sözgen, B.K., & Apak, R. (2010). Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Composition of Some Apple Juices with Combined HPLC-CUPRAC Assay. Food Chem., 120(4): 1201–1209.
• Lee, K.T., Kim, J.I., Park, H.J., Yoo, K.O., Han, Y.N., & Miyamoto, K.I. (2000). Differentiation-inducing effect of magnolialide, a 1β-hydroxyeudesmanolide isolated from Cichorium intybus, on human leukemia cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 23(8): 1005-1007.
• Nandagopal, S. & Kumari, B.D. R. (2007). Phytochemical and antibacterial studies of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)-A multipurpose medicinal plant. Advan. Biol. Res., 1(1-2): 17-21.
• Saleem, M.K., Abbas, F., Naseer, M., Ahmad, N., Syed, F., Javed, K., Hussain, & S., Asima. (2014). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract of Cichorium intybus on lymphoblastic leukemia cells (Jurkat cells). African Journal of Plant Science, 8: 315–319.
• Singh, R. (2015). Medicinal plants: A review. J Plant Sci., 3(1- 1):50-5.
• Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
• Street, R.A., Sidana, J., & Prinsloo, G. (2013). Cichorium intybus: taditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Evidence- Based Cpmlementary and Alternative Midecine, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/579319
• Wattenberg, L.W. 1978. Inhibitors of chemical carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 26: 197–226.
• Wiseman MJ. (2018) Nutrition and cancer: prevention and survival. Br J Nutr:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518002222.
• Venugopal, R., & Liu, R.H. (2012). Phytochemicals in Diets for Breast Cancer Prevention: The Importance of Resveratrol and Ursolic Acid. Food Sci Hum Wellness, 1: 1-13.
• Yildirim, I. & Kutlu, T. (2015). “Anticancer agents: saponin and tannin,” International Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 332–340.
• Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chemistry, 64(4), 555-559.