Farklı Temel Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Ayçiçeği Tohumlarının Toprak Katmanındaki Dikey Dağılımına ve Bitki Gelişimine Etkisi

Abstract

Araştırma, 2014-2016 tarihleri arasında General Toşevo kentine bağlı arazide, türünün tipik özelliklerine sahip çernezyom toprak tipi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Farklı temel toprak işleme yöntemlerinin ayçiçeği tohumlarının toprak tabakasındaki dikey dağılımına ve bitki gelişimine üzerindeki etkisi gözlemlendi: 24-26 cm derinlikte toprak sürme, 24-26 cm derinlikte devirmeden toprak işleme, 10-12 cm derinlikte diskli toprak işleme ve direkt ekim (sıfır). Ekim için en uygun toprak tabakası alanında (5-7 cm) en yüksek ayçiçeği çekirdeği yüzdesinin devirmeden toprak işlemenin yapıldığı (62.1%) bölgelerde olduğu istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Diğer toprak işleme yöntemleri kullanıldığında, onların miktarı azalır. Normal değerine yakın ortalama günlük hava sıcaklığı koşullarında (10.1 °С) ekim gerçekleştirildiğinde devirmeden toprak işleme, diskli toprak işleme ve sıfır işleme yöntemlerinin, toprağı sürmeye kıyasla istatistiksel olarak daha yavaş ilerlediği tespit edilmiştir. Daha yüksek ortalama günlük hava sıcaklığı koşullarında (12.0 °С), kullanılan toprak işleme türüne bağlı olarak, sadece ayçiçeğin çimlenmesi süreci başlangıcında belirli bir gecikme gözlemlenir. Bu koşullar altında, diskli toprak işleme ve direkt ekim yöntemlerinin, toprak sürme yöntemine kıyasla, bu aşamanın seyrinde istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmış bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Toprak işleme yöntemleri etkisinin en aza indirildiğinde veya göz ardı edildiğinde, ayçiçeği bitkilerinin gelişimlerinin ilk aşamalarındaki büyümeleri, istatiksel olarak yavaşladığı tespit edilmiştir. Çiçeklenme fenofazında, ayçiçeği saplarının yüksekliği ve çapı diskli toprak işleme yöntemi kullanıldığı takdirde en küçük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen toprak işleme yöntemlerinin, ayçiçeği tablasının çapı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmış olan bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır.

Keywords

• Ayçiçeği
• Temel toprak işleme
• Toprak tabakasında tohum dağılımı
• Bitki gelişimi

Effects of Different Main Soil Tillage Methods on The Vertical Distribution of Sunflower Seeds in The Soil Layer and Plant Development

Abstract

The investigation was carried out on slightly leached chernozem soil type during 2014 – 2016. The effects of different soil tillage methods for sunflower on the vertical distribution of the seeds in the soil layer and the development of the plants were followed – ploughing at 24-26 cm, chisel ploughing at 24-26 cm, disking with disk harrow at 10-12 cm and no-tillage. The highest percent of sunflower seeds in the zone of the soil layer optimal for sowing (5-7 cm) were significantly placed in the areas cultivated with chisel-ploughing (62.1%). Under the other types of soil tillage, their amount decreased. When sowing was performed at a mean diurnal air temperature close to the norm (10.1 °С), the emergence of the plants in the variants with chisel ploughing, disking and no-tillage occurred significantly slower in comparison to ploughing. At higher mean diurnal air temperature (12.0 °С), only at the beginning of sunflower emergence some delay was observed depending on the type of the applied soil tillage. Under these conditions, a significant difference in the occurrence of the phenophases was determined in the variants with disking and direct sowing, as compared to the areas with ploughing. With the minimizing and exclusion of the soil tillage, the growth of the sunflower plants was significantly retarded at the initial stages of their development. At phenophase flowering, the plant height and the stem diameter were lowest in the areas cultivated with disking. The investigated types of soil tillage did not have a significant effect on the diameter of the sunflower heads.

Keywords

• Sunflower
• Main soil tillage
• Distribution of seeds down the soil profile
• Plant development

References

1. Dam, R., Mehdi, B., Burgess, M., Madramootoo, C., Mehuys, G. & Callum, I. (2005). Soil bulk density and crop yield under eleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in a sandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 84 (1), 41-53. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2004.08.006
2. Delchev, G. (2013). Efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied herbicides and their mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium at oil-bearing sunflower grown by conventional, Clearfield and ExpressSun technologies. Agricultural Science and Technology, 5 (2), 200-205.
3. Delibaltova, V. & Dallev, M. (2017). Comparative testing of oil sunflower hybrids in the region of north – east Bulgaria. Scientific Papers Series A Agronomy LX, 225-228.
4. Drumeva, M. & Yankov, P. (2018). Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on sunflower seeds quality. Helia, 41 (68), 45-55.
5. Guérifa, J., Richard, G., Dürr, C., Machet, J.M., Recous, S. & Roger-Estrade, J. (2001). A review of tillage effects on crop residue management, seedbed conditions and seedling establishment. Soil and Tillage Research, 61 (1-2), 13-32. doi: 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00187-8
6. Guirguis, A., Aboukarima, W., Marazky, M. & Egela, M. (2008). Sunflower crop response to furrow irrigation inflow rate and tillage system. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 25 (1), 38-57.
7. Licht, M. & Al-Kaisi, M. (2005). Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 80 (1-2), 233-249. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2004.03.017
8. Ozpinar, S. & Cay, A. (2006). Effect of different tillage systems on quality and crop productivity of a clay-loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research, 92, 69-78. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2005.04.009

9. Radford, B. & Nielsen, R. (1985). Comparison of a press wheel, seed soaking and water injection as aids to sorghum and sunflower establishment in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 25 (3), 656-664. doi:10.1071/ea9850656
10. Sessiz, A., Sogut, T., Alp, A. & Esgici, R. (2008). Tillage effects on sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) emergence, yield, quality, and fuel consumption in double cropping system. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 9 (4), 697-710.
11. Sin, G., Botea, M. & Drăgan, L. (2008). Some aspects of sunflower crop management in Romania Paper presented at the 17th International Sunflower Conference, Córdoba, Spain.
12. SPSS. (2007). IBM SPSS Statistics 16.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
13. Yalçin, H., Çakir, E., Aykas, E., Önal, I., Gülsoylu, E., Okur, B., Delibacak, S., Ongun, A., Nemli, Y. & Türkseven, S. (2008). Reduced tillage and direct seeding applications on second crop maize and sunflower. Tarim Makinalari Bilimi Dergisi (Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science), 4 (2), 157-164.
14. Yanchev, I. & Kirchev, H. (2007). Influence of some herbicides over the quantitative indexes of varieties and hybrids of sunflower. Field Crops Studies, IV (1), 169-173. (Bg)
15. Yankov, P. (2007). Change of bulk density of the slightly leached chernozem in Dobroudja region under the effect of long-term use of some soil tillage systems. Field Crops Studies, IV (1), 87-94. (Bg)
16. Yankov, P. (2009a). Changes in the composition and water sustainability of soil units under the effect of some soil tillage systems. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 15 (5), 393-399.
17. Yankov, P. (2009b). Variation in the temperature of Haplic Chernozem (Slightly Leached Chernozem Soils) in Dobroudja region under the effect of some soil tillage systems. Soil science, Agrochemistry and Ecology, XLIII (4), 41-46. (Bg)
18. Yankov, P. (2012). Vertical distribution of wheat seeds in the soil layer depending on the type of pre-sowing tillage. Agricultural science and technology, 4 (1), 33-35.
19. Yankov, P. & Drumeva, M. (2014). Effect of different types of main soil tillage on the vertical distribution of maize seeds in the soil layer and on the development of the plants. Agricultural science and technology, 6 (1), 56-59.
20. Yankov, P. & Drumeva, M. (2017). Effect of the soil tillage system on the root development of maize. Romanian agricultural research, 34, 113-119.
21. Yolevsky, М., Macheva, К. & Petkov, P. (1959). The soils in the trial field of Dobrudzha Agricultural research institute and the trial fields in Karvuna, Tolbukhin district, and Suvorovo, Varna district. Research papers of DSNI, ІІІ (1-2), 5-62. (Bg)
22. Zugec, I., Stipesevic, B. & Kelava, I. (2000). Rational soil tillage for winter cereals (winter wheat – Triticum aestivum L. and spring barley – Hordeum vulgare L.) in Eastern Croatia Paper presented at the 15th ISTRO Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA.