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Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) Hatlarının Klorofil İçeriği ve Klorofil Floresansına NaCl Stresinin Etkileri

Year 2014, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 111 - 120, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.235924

Abstract

Salinity is one of the important abiotic stresses that have adverse effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll, fluorescence and their components. In this study, the influence of salinity (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) on chlorophyll and fluorescence was investigated in sunflower (H. annuus) lines (12 sunflower lines) for a period of one month in hydroponic culture system. The results showed that salt stress enhanced chlorophyll content in the first three weeks, but at last week, both levels of salinity declined it slightly. However, in non-stressed plants chlorophyll content increased during four weeks. The results indicated that salt stress affected chlorophyll content negatively only in long-term, but in shortterm salinity increased chlorophyll content by secondary effects. Among the 12 sunflower lines, the highest increase in chlorophyll content was observed in both sensitive and tolerant lines. Moreover, the results showed that severe stress increased Fv/Fm ratio from week 1 to week 3, but in week 4 this ratio decreased. After week 2 and unlike control plants, results represented an increase in both F and Fm values in stressed plants. It seems that Fm more increased than F, causing enhancement of Fv/Fm. It appeared that top (young) leaves in sunflower are adapted to remain active under salt stress to survive plant under long-term stress.

References

  • Akram MS, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M,Akram NA (2009). Growth and photosynthesis of salt-stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants as affected by foliar-applied different potassium salts.J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172:884-893.
  • Al-aghabary K, Zhu Z, Shi Q (2004). Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27(12):2101-2115.
  • Almodares A, Hadif MR, Dosti B (2008). The effect of salt stress on growth parameters and carbohydrates contents in sweet sorghum. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 2(4):298-304.
  • Ashraf M (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol. Adv. 27:84-93.
  • Ashraf M, Shahbaz M (2003). Assessment of genotypic variation in salt tolerance of early CIMMYT hexaploid wheat germplasm using photosynthetic capacity and water relations as selection criteria. Photosynthetica. 41:273-280.
  • Baker N, Rosenqvist E (2004). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: An examination of future possibilities. J. Exp. Bot. 55:1607-1621.
  • Bayuelo-Jime´nez JS, Craig R and Lynch JP (2002). Salinity tolerance of Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Crop Sci. 42:1584-1594.
  • Belkhodja R, Morales F, Abadia A, Medrano H (1999). Effects of salinity on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis on barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) grown under a triple-line-source sprinkler system in the field. Photosynthetica. 36:375-378.
  • Bongi G, Loreto F (1989). Gas-exchange properties of salt stressed olive (Olea europea L.) leaves. Plant Physiol. 90:1408-1416.
  • Ciobanu I,Sumalan R (2009). The effects of the salinity stress on the growing rates and physiological characteristics to the Lycopersicumesculentum Specie. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture. 66(2):6166
  • DeEII JR, van Kooten O, Prange RK,Murr DP (1999). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescencetechniques in postharvest physiology. Horticulture Revue. 23:69-107.
  • El-Hendawy SE, Hu Y, Schmidhalter U (2005). Growth, ion content, gas exchange, and water relations of wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerances. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:123-134.
  • Everard JD, Cucci R, Kann SC, Flore JA,Loesche WH (1994). Gas exchange and carbon partitioning in the leaves of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) at various levels of root zone salinity. Plant Physiol. 106:281-292.
  • Ezin V, de la Peña R, Ahanchede A (2010). Physiological and agronomical criteria for screening tomato genotypes for tolerance to salinity. EJEAFChe. 9(10):1641-1656.
  • Flowers TJ, Torke PF, Yeo AR (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes.Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28:89-121.
  • Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK,Bohnert HJ (2000). Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 51:463-499.
  • Heidari A, Toorchi M, Bandehagh A,Shakiba MR (2011). Effect of NaCl stress on growth, water relations, organic and inorganic osmolytesaccumulation in sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) lines. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 1(3):351-362.
  • Higbie SM, Wang F, Stewart JM, Sterling TM, Lindemann WC, Hughs E, Zhang J (2010). Physiological response to salt (NaCl) stress in selected cultivated tetraploid cottons. International Journal of Agronomy. 10:1155-1167.
  • Houshmand AS, Arzani A, Maibody SAM, Feizi M (2005). Evaluation of salt tolerance genotypes of durum wheat derived from invitro and field experiments. Field Crop Res. 91:345-354.
  • Husain S, Munns R, Condon AG (2003). Effect of sodium exclusion trait on chlorophyll retention and growth of durum wheat in saline soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54:589-597.
  • Jamil M, urRehman S, Lee KJ, Kim JM, Kim H,Rha ES (2007). Salinity reduced growth PS2 photochemistry and chlorophyll content in radish. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba Braz). 64(2):111-118. Jian-qing H, Li Z, Cai-xia Z, Xue B, Wen-hai L (2011). Differences in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and water content in heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica from Inner Mongolia, China. For. Stud. China. 13(1):52-56.
  • Kaya C, Higges D, Kirnak H (2001). The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulg. J. plant physiol. 27:47-59.
  • Krishnamurathy R, Anbazhagan M,Bhagwat KB (1987). Effect of sodium chloride toxicity on chlorophyll break down in rice. Indain J. of Agric. Sci. 57:567-570.
  • Li M, Yang D, Li W (2007). Leaf gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of three wetland plants in response to long-term soil flooding. Photosynthetica. 45(2):222–228.
  • Liu J, Shi DC (2005). Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, inorganic ion and organic acid accumulations of sunflower in responses to salt and salt salt-alkaline mixed stress. Photosynthetica. 48:127-134.
  • Lutts S, Kint JM, Bouharmont J (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot. 78:389-398.
  • Mehta P, Kraslavsky V, Bharti S, Allakhverdiev SI, Jajoo A (2011). Analysis of salt-stress induced changes in photosystem II heterogeneity by prompt fluorescence and delayed fluorescence in wheat (Triticum vulgare) leaves. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 104(12):308-313.
  • Misra AN, Sahl SM, Misra M, Singh P, Meera T, Das N, Har M, Sahu P (1997). Sodium chloride induced changes in leaf growth, and pigment and protein contents in two rice cultivars. Biology of Plant. 39:257-262.
  • Munns R (1993). Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Envir. 16:15-24.
  • Munns R (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress.Plant Cell Envir. 25:239-250.
  • Nazir N, Ashraf M, Ejaz R (2001). Genomic relationships in oilseed Brassicas with respect to salt tolerance-photosynthetic capacity and ion relations. Pak. J. Bot. 33:483-501.
  • Ögren E, Öquist G (1984). Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Lemnagibba as induced by the interaction between light and temperature. III. Chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K. Physiol. Plant. 62:193-200. Ommen OE, Donnelly A, Vanhoutvin S, Vanoijen M, Manderscheid R (1999). Chlorophyll content of spring wheat flag leaves grown under elevated CO2 concentration and other enviromental stress with in `ESPACE-whaet` project. Eur. J. Agron. 10:197-203.
  • Ort D (2002). Chilling-induced limitations on photosynthesis in warm climate plants: Contrasting mechanisms. Environ. Control Biol. 40:7-18.
  • Papp JC, Ball MC, Terry N (1983). A comparative of the effects of NaCl salinity on respiration, photosynthesis and leaf extention in Beta vulgaris L. (Sugar beet). Plant Cell Envir. 6:675-677. Perbea M, Petcu E (2000). The effect of soil water content on sunflower seedlings. Rom. Agr. Res. 13:43
  • Perez-Perez JG, Syvertsen JP, Botia P, Garcia-Sanchez F (2007). Leaf water relations and net gas exchange responses of salinized carrizocitrange seedlings during drought stress and recovery. Annals of Botany. 100:335-345.
  • Rao GG,Rao GR (1981). Pigment composition &chlorophyllase activity in pigeon pea (Cajanusin dicusspreng) &Gingelley (Sesamum indicum L.) under NaCl salinity. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 19:768-770.
  • Rapacz M, Tokarz K, Janowiak F (2001). The initiation of elongation growth during long-term lowtemperature stay of spring-type oilseed rape may trigger loss of frost resistance and changes in photosynthetic apparatus. Plant Sci. 161:221-230.
  • Raza SH, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2006). Influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine on photosynthetic capacity of two differently adapted wheat cultivars under salt stress. Pak. J. Bot. 38:341-351.
  • Rizza F, Pagani D, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L (2001). Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to evaluate the cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of Winter and Spring oats. S. Afr. J. Bot. 120:389-396.
  • Santos CV (2004). Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Scientia Horticulturae. 103:93-99.
  • Schaper H, Chacko EK (1991). Relation between extractable chloropyll and portable chlorophyll meter readings in leaves of eight tropical and subtropical fruit-tree species. J. Plant Physiol. 138:6746
  • Singh AK, Dubey RS (1995). Changes in chlorophyll a and b contents and activities of photosystems 1 and 2 in rice seedlings induced by NaCl. Photosynthetica. 31:489-499.
  • Sohan D, Jasoni R, Zajicek J (1999). Plant-water relation of NaCl and calcium treated sunflowers plants. Envi. Experi. Bot. 42:105-111.
  • Srivastava TP, Gupta SC, Lal P, Muralia PN, Kumar A (1998). The effect of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat.Annual Arid Zone. 27:197-204.
  • Wang D, Shannon MC, Grieve CM (2001). Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crop Res. 69:267-277.
  • Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218:1-14.
  • Winicov I,Seemann JR (1990). Expression of genes for photosynthesis and the relationship to salt tolerance of alfalfa cells.Plant Cell Physiol. 31:1155-1161.
  • Xu DQ, Wu S (1996). Three phases of dark-recovery course from photoinhibition resolved by the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in soybean leaves under field conditions.Photosynthetica. 32:417-423.
  • Zhao GQ, Ma BL, Ren CZ (2007). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Sci. 47:123-131.
  • Zobayed S, Afreen F, Kozai T (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John’s Wort. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 43: 977-984.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Chlorophyll Content and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Lines

Year 2014, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 111 - 120, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.235924

Abstract

Tuzluluk, fotosentez, klorofil, floresans ve bunların bileşenleri üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan önemli abiyotik streslerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, 12 adet ayçiçeği (H. annuus) hattının klorofil ve floresansı üzerine tuzluluğun (0, 100 ve 200 mM NaCl) etkisi, hidrofonik sistemde bir aylık dönem boyunca araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, tuz stresinin klorofil içeriğini ilk üç hafta içinde arttırdığını, fakat son hafta hafifçe düşürdüğünü göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, stres uygulanmayan bitkilerde klorofil içeriği, dört hafta boyunca artmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, tuz stresinin sadece uzun vadede klorofil içeriğini olumsuz etkilediğini, ancak kısa vadede tuzluluğun ikincil etkilerle klorofil içeriğini artırdığını göstermektedir. 12 ayçiçeği hattı arasında, en yüksek klorofil içeriği artışı, hem duyarlı hem de tolerant hatlarda gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, sonuçlar, aşırı stresin Fv/Fm oranını 1. haftadan 3. haftaya kadar arttırdığını, fakat 4. haftada bu oranın azaldığını göstermektedir. İkinci haftadan sonra strese maruz bırakılmış bitkilerde, kontrol bitkilerine oranla hem F hem de Fm değerlerinde artış gözlenmiştir. Fdeğeri Fm değerine oranla daha fazla artmıştır, bu da Fv/Fm oranında iyileşmeye neden olmuştur. Bu üst (genç) ayçiçeği yaprakların uzun süreli stres altında daha aktif kalmaya adapte olması, bitkilerin uzun dönem stres koşullarında hayatta kalmasını sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Akram MS, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M,Akram NA (2009). Growth and photosynthesis of salt-stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants as affected by foliar-applied different potassium salts.J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172:884-893.
  • Al-aghabary K, Zhu Z, Shi Q (2004). Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27(12):2101-2115.
  • Almodares A, Hadif MR, Dosti B (2008). The effect of salt stress on growth parameters and carbohydrates contents in sweet sorghum. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 2(4):298-304.
  • Ashraf M (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol. Adv. 27:84-93.
  • Ashraf M, Shahbaz M (2003). Assessment of genotypic variation in salt tolerance of early CIMMYT hexaploid wheat germplasm using photosynthetic capacity and water relations as selection criteria. Photosynthetica. 41:273-280.
  • Baker N, Rosenqvist E (2004). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: An examination of future possibilities. J. Exp. Bot. 55:1607-1621.
  • Bayuelo-Jime´nez JS, Craig R and Lynch JP (2002). Salinity tolerance of Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Crop Sci. 42:1584-1594.
  • Belkhodja R, Morales F, Abadia A, Medrano H (1999). Effects of salinity on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis on barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) grown under a triple-line-source sprinkler system in the field. Photosynthetica. 36:375-378.
  • Bongi G, Loreto F (1989). Gas-exchange properties of salt stressed olive (Olea europea L.) leaves. Plant Physiol. 90:1408-1416.
  • Ciobanu I,Sumalan R (2009). The effects of the salinity stress on the growing rates and physiological characteristics to the Lycopersicumesculentum Specie. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture. 66(2):6166
  • DeEII JR, van Kooten O, Prange RK,Murr DP (1999). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescencetechniques in postharvest physiology. Horticulture Revue. 23:69-107.
  • El-Hendawy SE, Hu Y, Schmidhalter U (2005). Growth, ion content, gas exchange, and water relations of wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerances. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:123-134.
  • Everard JD, Cucci R, Kann SC, Flore JA,Loesche WH (1994). Gas exchange and carbon partitioning in the leaves of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) at various levels of root zone salinity. Plant Physiol. 106:281-292.
  • Ezin V, de la Peña R, Ahanchede A (2010). Physiological and agronomical criteria for screening tomato genotypes for tolerance to salinity. EJEAFChe. 9(10):1641-1656.
  • Flowers TJ, Torke PF, Yeo AR (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes.Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28:89-121.
  • Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK,Bohnert HJ (2000). Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 51:463-499.
  • Heidari A, Toorchi M, Bandehagh A,Shakiba MR (2011). Effect of NaCl stress on growth, water relations, organic and inorganic osmolytesaccumulation in sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) lines. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 1(3):351-362.
  • Higbie SM, Wang F, Stewart JM, Sterling TM, Lindemann WC, Hughs E, Zhang J (2010). Physiological response to salt (NaCl) stress in selected cultivated tetraploid cottons. International Journal of Agronomy. 10:1155-1167.
  • Houshmand AS, Arzani A, Maibody SAM, Feizi M (2005). Evaluation of salt tolerance genotypes of durum wheat derived from invitro and field experiments. Field Crop Res. 91:345-354.
  • Husain S, Munns R, Condon AG (2003). Effect of sodium exclusion trait on chlorophyll retention and growth of durum wheat in saline soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54:589-597.
  • Jamil M, urRehman S, Lee KJ, Kim JM, Kim H,Rha ES (2007). Salinity reduced growth PS2 photochemistry and chlorophyll content in radish. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba Braz). 64(2):111-118. Jian-qing H, Li Z, Cai-xia Z, Xue B, Wen-hai L (2011). Differences in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and water content in heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica from Inner Mongolia, China. For. Stud. China. 13(1):52-56.
  • Kaya C, Higges D, Kirnak H (2001). The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulg. J. plant physiol. 27:47-59.
  • Krishnamurathy R, Anbazhagan M,Bhagwat KB (1987). Effect of sodium chloride toxicity on chlorophyll break down in rice. Indain J. of Agric. Sci. 57:567-570.
  • Li M, Yang D, Li W (2007). Leaf gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of three wetland plants in response to long-term soil flooding. Photosynthetica. 45(2):222–228.
  • Liu J, Shi DC (2005). Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, inorganic ion and organic acid accumulations of sunflower in responses to salt and salt salt-alkaline mixed stress. Photosynthetica. 48:127-134.
  • Lutts S, Kint JM, Bouharmont J (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot. 78:389-398.
  • Mehta P, Kraslavsky V, Bharti S, Allakhverdiev SI, Jajoo A (2011). Analysis of salt-stress induced changes in photosystem II heterogeneity by prompt fluorescence and delayed fluorescence in wheat (Triticum vulgare) leaves. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 104(12):308-313.
  • Misra AN, Sahl SM, Misra M, Singh P, Meera T, Das N, Har M, Sahu P (1997). Sodium chloride induced changes in leaf growth, and pigment and protein contents in two rice cultivars. Biology of Plant. 39:257-262.
  • Munns R (1993). Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Envir. 16:15-24.
  • Munns R (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress.Plant Cell Envir. 25:239-250.
  • Nazir N, Ashraf M, Ejaz R (2001). Genomic relationships in oilseed Brassicas with respect to salt tolerance-photosynthetic capacity and ion relations. Pak. J. Bot. 33:483-501.
  • Ögren E, Öquist G (1984). Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Lemnagibba as induced by the interaction between light and temperature. III. Chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K. Physiol. Plant. 62:193-200. Ommen OE, Donnelly A, Vanhoutvin S, Vanoijen M, Manderscheid R (1999). Chlorophyll content of spring wheat flag leaves grown under elevated CO2 concentration and other enviromental stress with in `ESPACE-whaet` project. Eur. J. Agron. 10:197-203.
  • Ort D (2002). Chilling-induced limitations on photosynthesis in warm climate plants: Contrasting mechanisms. Environ. Control Biol. 40:7-18.
  • Papp JC, Ball MC, Terry N (1983). A comparative of the effects of NaCl salinity on respiration, photosynthesis and leaf extention in Beta vulgaris L. (Sugar beet). Plant Cell Envir. 6:675-677. Perbea M, Petcu E (2000). The effect of soil water content on sunflower seedlings. Rom. Agr. Res. 13:43
  • Perez-Perez JG, Syvertsen JP, Botia P, Garcia-Sanchez F (2007). Leaf water relations and net gas exchange responses of salinized carrizocitrange seedlings during drought stress and recovery. Annals of Botany. 100:335-345.
  • Rao GG,Rao GR (1981). Pigment composition &chlorophyllase activity in pigeon pea (Cajanusin dicusspreng) &Gingelley (Sesamum indicum L.) under NaCl salinity. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 19:768-770.
  • Rapacz M, Tokarz K, Janowiak F (2001). The initiation of elongation growth during long-term lowtemperature stay of spring-type oilseed rape may trigger loss of frost resistance and changes in photosynthetic apparatus. Plant Sci. 161:221-230.
  • Raza SH, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2006). Influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine on photosynthetic capacity of two differently adapted wheat cultivars under salt stress. Pak. J. Bot. 38:341-351.
  • Rizza F, Pagani D, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L (2001). Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to evaluate the cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of Winter and Spring oats. S. Afr. J. Bot. 120:389-396.
  • Santos CV (2004). Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Scientia Horticulturae. 103:93-99.
  • Schaper H, Chacko EK (1991). Relation between extractable chloropyll and portable chlorophyll meter readings in leaves of eight tropical and subtropical fruit-tree species. J. Plant Physiol. 138:6746
  • Singh AK, Dubey RS (1995). Changes in chlorophyll a and b contents and activities of photosystems 1 and 2 in rice seedlings induced by NaCl. Photosynthetica. 31:489-499.
  • Sohan D, Jasoni R, Zajicek J (1999). Plant-water relation of NaCl and calcium treated sunflowers plants. Envi. Experi. Bot. 42:105-111.
  • Srivastava TP, Gupta SC, Lal P, Muralia PN, Kumar A (1998). The effect of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat.Annual Arid Zone. 27:197-204.
  • Wang D, Shannon MC, Grieve CM (2001). Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crop Res. 69:267-277.
  • Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218:1-14.
  • Winicov I,Seemann JR (1990). Expression of genes for photosynthesis and the relationship to salt tolerance of alfalfa cells.Plant Cell Physiol. 31:1155-1161.
  • Xu DQ, Wu S (1996). Three phases of dark-recovery course from photoinhibition resolved by the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in soybean leaves under field conditions.Photosynthetica. 32:417-423.
  • Zhao GQ, Ma BL, Ren CZ (2007). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Sci. 47:123-131.
  • Zobayed S, Afreen F, Kozai T (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John’s Wort. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 43: 977-984.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmad Heıdarı This is me

Ali Bandehagh This is me

Mahmood Toorchı This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Heıdarı, A., Bandehagh, A., & Toorchı, M. (2014). Effects of NaCl Stress on Chlorophyll Content and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Lines. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.235924
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Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences by Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.