Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Apple Varieties Grown in Ardahan Region

Year 2014, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 175 - 184, 01.06.2014

Zehra Tuğba Abacı Emre Sevindik

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.235931

Cited By: 8

Abstract

In this study, total phenol content, total anthocyanin content, ˚Brix, pH, titrable acidity, total ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity in the 26 apple cultivars cultivated in Ardahan City were determined and nutritional value of the apples were revealed. The varieties with high brix content and low acidity were determined as Şah Elması and Dervişbey, the cultivar with low brix content and high acidity was determined as Mahara. It was determined that the bio-active component content and fruit quality of Limon Elması and Yabani Elma were lower compared to the other cultivars. Uruset cultivar with red penetralia was determined to be richer in terms of total phenol content, anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity compared to the other cultivars and the Mahara cultivar was determined to be richer in terms of ascorbic acid content compared to the other cultivars. Consequently, it was revealed that the cultivars cultivated in the region have high nutritional value and antioxidant capacity. In this respect it is suggested to consume those especially with their peels on as a functional food resource due to the healthy compounds they contain.

Keywords

Antioxidant, Anthocyanin, Ascorbic acid, Apple, Phenolic compound

Ardahan Bölgesinde Yetiştirilen Elma Çeşitlerinin Biyoaktif Bileşiklerinin ve Toplam Antioksidan Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Ardahan bölgesinde yetişen 26 elma çeşidinde toplam fenolik madde içeriği, toplam antosiyanin içeriği, suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM), pH, titre edilebilir asitlik, toplam askorbik asit içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi belirlenerek çeşitlerin besleyici değeri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. SÇKM içeriği yüksek, asitlikleri düşük olan çeşitler Şah Elması ve Dervişbey, SÇKM içeriği düşük ve asitliği yüksek olan çeşit ise Mahara olarak belirlenmiştir. Limon Elması ve Yabani Elma’nın biyoaktif bileşik içeriğinin ve meyve kalitesinin diğer çeşitlere oranla düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İçi kırmızı Uruset çeşidinin toplam fenolik madde ve antosiyanin içeriği ile antioksidan kapasite yönünden, Mahara çeşidinin ise askorbik asit içeriği yönünden diğer çeşitlerden zengin oldukları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bölgede yetişen çeşitlerin yüksek besleyici değere ve antioksidan kapasiteye sahip oldukları ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu bakımdan meyvelerin içerdikleri sağlığa faydalı bileşiklerden ötürü fonksiyonel gıda kaynağı olarak özellikle kabuklarıyla birlikte tüketilmeleri önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Antioksidan, Antosiyanin, Askorbik asit, Elma, Fenolik madde

References

• Anonim (2012). http://faostat.fao.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2014).
• Anonim (2013a). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2013).
• Anonim (2013b). Ardahan Tarım İl Müdürlüğü. http://www.ardahantarim.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi:16. 06. 2013)
• Bakhshi D, Arakawa O (2006). Effects of UV-b irradiation on phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity in ‘Jonathan’ apple influenced by bagging, temperature and maturation. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment. 4 (1): 75-79.
• Bermşdez-Soto MJ, Larrosa M, García-Cantalejo J, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberan FA, García-Conesa MT (2007). Transcriptional changes in human caco-2 colon cancer cells following exposure to a recurrent non-toxic dose of polyphenol-rich chokeberry juice. Genes Nutr. 2: 111–113.
• Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP (1996). Expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in red and white grapes. Plant Mol. Biol. 32: 565–569.
• Bouayed J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T (2011). Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and dialysis of apple varieties: bioaccessibility and potential uptake. Food Chem. 128: 14–21
• Boyer J, Liu RH (2004). Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal. 1: 3-5.
• Cemeroğlu B (1992). Meyve ve sebze işleme endüstrisinde temel analiz metotları. Biltav Yay., Ankara.
• Chalker-Scott L( 1999). Environmental significance of anthocyanins in plant stress responses. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 70 (1): 1-9.
• Chen AY, Chen YC (2013). A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. Food Chemistry. 138 (4): 2099-2107.
• Chen CS, Zhang D, Wang YQ, Li PM (2012). Effects of fruit bagging on the contents of phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Delicious’, and ‘Royal Gala’ apples. Scientia Horticulturae. 142: 68-73.
• Davey MW, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Sanmartin M, Kanellis A, Smirnoff N, Benzie I, Strain J, Favell D, Fletcher J (2000). Plant L-ascorbic acid: chemistry, function, metabolism, bioavailability and effects of processing, J. Sci. Food Agric. 80: 825–860.
• Dowdle J, Ishikawa T, Gatzek S, Rolinski S, Smirnoff N (2007). Two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase are required for ascorbate biosynthesis and seedling viability, Plant J. 52: 673–689.
• Dziubiak M (2004) .Collection of the genus Malus Mill. In the botanical garden of the polish Academy of sciences in Warsaw. Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research. 12: 121-128.
• Ercişli S (2004). Ashort review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 51: 419-435.
• Fadda A, Mulas M (2010). Chemical changes during myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruit development and ripening. Sci Hort. 125: 477-485.
• Feliciano RP, Antunes C, Ramos A, Serra AT, Figueira ME, Duarte CMM, de Carvalho A, Bronze MR (2010). Characterization of traditional and exotic apple varieties from Portugal. Part 1Nutritional, phytochemical and sensory analysis. Journal of Functional Foods. 2: 35-45.
• Fisher C (1999). Ergebnisse der Apfle Züchtung in Dresden-Pillnitz. Berlin. Erwerbsobstbau. 41: 65-74. Giusti MM, Wrolstad RE (2001). Anthocyanins characterization and measurement with UV visible spectroscopy. In R. E. Wrolstad (Ed.), current protocols in food analytical chemistry. Willey, New York.
• Hellström JK, Shikov AN, Makarova MN, Pihlanto AM, Pozharitskaya ON, Ryhänen EL, Kivijärvi P, Makarov VG, Mattila PH (2010). Blood pressure-lowering properties of chokeberry (Aronia mitchurinii, var. Viking). J. Funct. Foods 2: 163–169.
• Holton TA, Cornish EC (1995). Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell. 7: 1071–1083.
• Hughes NM, Neufeld HS, Burkey KO (2005). Functional role of anthocyanins in high-light winter leaves of the evergreen herb Galax urceolata. New Phytologist. 168: 575-587.
• Iglesias I, Echeverría G, Lopez, ML (2012). Fruit color development, anthocyanin content, standard quality, volatile compound emissions and consumer acceptability of several ‘Fuji’ apple strains. Scientia Horticulturae. 137: 138–147.
• Jakobek L, Rocio GV, Francisco TBA (2013). Polyphenolic characterization of old local apple varieties from south East European region. Journal of food composition and analysis. 31: 199-211.
• Jakopic J, Veberic R, Stampar F (2007). The effect of reflective foil and hail nets on the lighting, color and anthocyanins of ‘Fuji’ apple. Sci. Hort. 115: 40–46.
• Jia N, Xiong YL, Kong B, Liu Q, Xia X (2012). Radical scavenging activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on gastric cancer cell proliferation via induction of apoptosis. J. Funct. Food. 4: 382-390.
• Ju HY, Chen SC, Wu KJ, Kuo HC, Hseu YC, Ching H, Wu CR (2012). Antioxidant phenolic profile from ethyl acetate fraction of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi with protection against hydrogen peroxideinduced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 50(3): 492-502.
• Ju ZG, Yuan YB, Liou CL, Xin SH (1996). Relationships among phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, simple phenol concentrationa and anthocyanin accumulation in apple. Scientia Horticulturae. 61: 215-2
• Kahkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, Heinonen (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 3954-3962. Kevers C, Pincemail J, Tabart J, Defraigne JO, Dommes J (2011). Influence of cultivar, harvest time, storage conditions, and peeling on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic and ascorbic acid contents of apples and pears. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59: 6165-6171.
• Ma FW, Cheng LL (2003). The sun-exposed peel of apple fruit has higher xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and antioxidants of the ascorbate–glutathione pathway than the shade peel. Plant Sci. 165: 819–827.
• Mapson LW (1970). Vitamins in fruits. In: Hulme, A.C. (Ed.s), The Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products, Vol. 1. pp. 369-383. Academic Press, London.
• Merzlyak MN, Chivkunova OB (2000). Light stress induced pigment changes and evidence for anthocyanin photoprotection in apple fruit. J. Photochem. Photobiol.(B). 55: 154–162.
• Merzlyak MN, Solovchenko AE, Chivkunova OB (2002). Patterns of pigment changes in apple fruits during adaptation to high sunlight and sunscald development. Plant Biochem Physiol. 40 (6–8): 679–684.
• Mİller IM (2001). Plant mitochondria and oxidative stress: Electron transport, NADPH turnover, and metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 52: 561–591.
• Naruszewicz M, Łaniewska I, Millo B, Dłużniewski M (2007). Combination therapy of statin with flavonoids rich extract from chokeberry fruits enhanced reduction in cardiovascular risk markers in patients after myocardial infraction (MI). Atherosclerosis. 194(2): 179-184.
• Neill S, Gould KS, Kilmartin PA, Mitchell KA, Markham KR (2002a). Antioxidant activities of red versus green leaves in Elatostema rugosum. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25: 539–547.
• Neill S, Gould KS, Kilmartin PA, Mitchell KA, Markham KR (2002b). Antioxidant capacities of green and cyanic leaves in the sun species Quintinia serrata. Functional Plant Biology 29: 1437–1443. Neill SO, Gould KS (2003). Anthocyanins in leaves: light attenuators or antioxidants? Functional Plant Biology. 30: 865–873.
• Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998). Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 49: 249–279.
• Özgen M, Tokbaş H (2007). Işıklanma ve meyve dokusunun Amasya ve Fuji elmalarında antioksidan kapasitesine etkisi. Gazi Osmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 24(2): 1-5.
• Planchon V, Lateur M, Dupont P, Lognay G (2004). Ascorbic acid level of Belgian apple genetic resources. Scientia Horticulturae. 100: 51-61.
• Podsedek A, Wilska-Jeszka J, Anders B, Markowski J (2000). Compositional characterisation of some apple varieties. European Food Research and Technology. 210: 268-272.
• Rezaeirad D, Bakhshi D, Ghasemnezhad M, Lahiji HS (2013). Evaluation of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of local pears (Pyrus sp.) in the North of Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5 (8): 882-887.
• Rupasinghe HPV, Erkan N, Yasmin A (2010). Antioxidant protection of eicosapentaenoic acid and fish oil oxidation by polyphenolic-enriched apple skin extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58: 1233–1239.
• Sadik CD, Sies H, Schewe T (2003). Inhibition of 15-lipoxygenases by flavonoids: structure activity relations and mode of action. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65: 773–781.
• Schuphan W (1956). Valeur nutritive des fruits en rapport avec l’alimentation humaine. In: Soc. Pomol. France. C.R. Congr. Pomol. Int., 87e Sess. Namur, Belgium.
• Seeram NP, Adams LS, Zhang Y (2006). Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 9329– 9339.
• Shao L, Shu Z, Sun SH, Peng CH, Wang X, Lin ZH (2007). Antioxidation of anthocyanins in photosynthesis under high temperature stress. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 49: 1341–1351.
• Smillie RM, Hetherington SE (1999). Photoabatement by anthocyanin shields photosynthetic systems from light stress. Photosynthetica. 36: 451–463.
• Spanos GA, Wrolstad RE (1992). Phenolic of apple, pear and white grape juices and their changes with processing and storage. J.Agric.Food Chem. 40(9): 1478-1487.
• Şahin G (2013). Dondurarak ve açık havada kurutarak muhafazanın kuşburnu meyvesinin bazı kalite özelliklerine etkileri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tokat.
• Tavernier J, Jacquin P (1946). La vitamine C dans la pomme et les produits d riv s de la pomme. Bull. Assoc. Chim. 3: 111 – 128.
• Varming C, Petersan AM, Toldam- Andersen BT (2013). Ascorbic acid content in Danish apple cultivars and commercial apple juices. Food Science Tecnology. 54: 597-599.
• Vauzour D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Corona G, Oruna-Concha MJ, Spencer JPE (2010). Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of Disease and Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients. 2: 1106-1131.
• Vieira FGK, Borges GSC, Copetti C, Gonzaga LV, Nunes EC, Fett R (2009). Activity and contents of polyphenolic antioxidants in the whole fruit, flesh and peel of three apple cultivars. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 59: 101–106.
• Vrhovsek U, Rigo A, Tonon D, Mattivi F (2004). Quantification of polyphenols in different apple varieties. The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 6532– 6538.
• Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL (1996). Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44: 701–705.
• Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (2004). Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radic Biol Med. 36: 838-849.
• Wiseman A (2001). Biologically-active phytochemicals in food, Analysis, Metabolism, Bioavailability and Function, Edited by Pfannhauser W, Fenwick GR, Khokhar S. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
• Wolfe KL, Liu RH (2002). Apple peels are rich in phytochemicals and have high antioxidant activity. New York Fruit Quarterly. 10: 9-11.
• Wolfe KL, Liu RH (2003). Apple peels as a value-added food ingredient. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 1676–1683.
• Wolfe KL, Wu X, Liu RH (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of Agriculture & Food Chemistry. 51: 609-614.
• Yabuta Y, Mieda T, Rapolu M, Nakamura A, Motoki T, Maruta T, Yoshimura K, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S (2007). Light regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis is dependent on the photosynthetic electron transport chain but independent of sugars in Arabidopsis, J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2661–2671.