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Response of Dairy Cows to Protein Fractions

Year 2014, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 317 - 324, 30.09.2014
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.236282

Abstract

 Proteins are the most important factors affecting microbial growth and milk production at ruminant animals. The continuation of reproduction, growth and milk production in dairy cattle are possible with existence of amino acids that is the monomers of protein in diet. The importance of protein fraction to determine the protein requirements of ruminant animals, the utilization of nitrogenous sources consumed by dairy cattle with feedstuffs and their effects on milk production has been explained in this review. In conclusion; not only the amount of crude protein in diet but also the considering of protein fractions is very important in terms of fulfilling the maintenance and production requirements of dairy cattle.

References

  • Amaral- Phillips D M (2013). Milk urea nitrogen-a nutritional evaluation Tool. http://afsdairy.ca.uky.edu /files/extension/nutrition/Milk_Urea_Nitrogen.pdf.
  • Anonim (2008). Protein and energy metabolism of ruminants. Texas Technology University. AnSc 5314. Anonim (2013). Ruminant Glossary- Proteins. http://www.agricom.co.nz/assets/files/nz/content_files/Ru minant%20Glossary%20-%20Proteins.pdf.
  • Bal M A, Yarar H, Kalamak A, Gürbüz Y (2004). Süt ve besi sığırı beslenmesinde kullanılan protein fraksiyonları ve verim üzerine etkileri. IV. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi. 01-03 Eylül, Isparta. Block, E (2006). Rumen Microbial Protein Production: Are We Missing an Opportunity to Improve Dietary and Economic Efficiencies in Protein Nutrition of the High Producing Dairy Cow. Animal Research and Technical Services, High Plains Dairy Conference
  • Bohnert, D W, Schauer, C S, Bauer, M L, DelCurta, T D (2002). Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: I. Site of digestion and microbial efficiency. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 2967–2977.
  • Brito, A F, Broderick, G A, Reynal, S M (2007). Effects of Different Protein Supplements on Omasal Nutrient Flow and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy, J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1828–1841. Cappellozza B I (2013). Protein nutrition for cattle. Oregon State University. Beef103.
  • Chalupa W, Pilbearo T E, Sniffen C J, Fox D G, Van Soest P J, O'Connor J D (1991). A model for estimating undegradability of dietary protein. Dairy Sci. 74 (1): 179 (Abstr.)
  • Chase, L E (2007). Understanding Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cattle. United State Department of Agriculture.
  • Clark, J H, Klusmeyyer T H, Cameron M R (1992). Symposium: Nitrogen metobolism and amino acid nutrition in dairy cattle. Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 2304-2323.
  • Cole, N A, Johnson, R R, Owens, F N, Males, J R (1976). Influence of roughage level and corn processing method on microbial protein synthesis by beef steers. J. Anim. Sci., 43:497-503.
  • Cyriac, J (2009). Lowering Ruminally Degradable Protein in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets. Dissertation submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Blacksburg VA.
  • Çalışkaner Ş, Demir E (2001). Hayvan Besleme Fizyolojisi ve Metabolizma. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 55.Tokat, 291s.
  • Deniz S, Tuncer Ş D (1995). Bitkisel protein kaynaklarının formaldehit ile muamele edilmesinin rumende kuru madde, ham protein ile effektif protein yıkılımı üzerine etkisi. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Anim. Sci., 19: 1-8.
  • Ergün İ, Tuncer Ş D, Çolpan İ, Yalçın S, Yıldız G, Küçükersan M K, Küçükersan S, Şehu, A (2004). Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 687 s.
  • Ergün İ, Tuncer Ş D, Çolpan İ, Yalçın S, Yıldız G, Küçükersan M. K, Küçükersan S, Şehu A (2008). Yemler yem hijyeni ve teknolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı. 725s.
  • Hedqvist H (2004). Metabolism of soluble proteins by rumen microorganisms and the influence of condensed tannins on nitrogen solubility and degradation. Doctoral thesis. ISSN 1401-6249, ISBN 91-576-6780-2.
  • Hersom M, Carter J N (2013). Total protein requirement of beef cattle II: Protein Components. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AN/AN16800.pdf.
  • Hopkins B A, Whitlow L W (2013). Effective use of protein in early lactation diets. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/an_sci/extension/dairy/204D.pdf.
  • Hristov A N, Etter R P, Ropp J K, Grandeen K L (2004). Effect of dietary crude protein level and degradability on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J Anim. Sci., 82: 3219-3229.
  • Ipharraguerre, R, Clark, J H, Freeman, D E (2005). Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. I. Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 253725
  • Karakozak E, Ayaşan T (2010). Ruminant beslemede korunmus metionin kullanımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1): 58-66.
  • Karslı M A, Russell J R (2000). Effects of source and concentrations of nitrogen and carbohydrate on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Türk J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 26: 201-207.
  • Karslı M A, Russell J R (2001). Effects of some dietary factors on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Turk J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 25: 681-686.
  • Kutlu, H R (2008). Yem değerlendirme ve analiz yöntemleri (Ders Notu). Çukurova Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü. Adana 2008
  • Lanzas C, Broderick G A, Fox D G (2008). Improved feed protein fractionation schemes or formulating rations with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Journal of Dairy Science, 91:4881–4891
  • Mabjeesh, S J, Arieli, A, Bruckental, I, Zamwell, S, Tagari, H (1997). Effect of Ruminal Degradability of Crude Protein and Nonstructural Carbohydrates on the Efficiency of Bacterial Crude Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flow to the Abomasum of Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci 80: 2939–2949. Machen R (2013). Goat nutrition-protein. http://animalscience.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/ASWeb081goatprotein.pdf
  • Mishra S, Rai S N (1996). Effects of different RDP and UDP ratios on voluntary intake, milk production and feed conversion efficiency in lactating goats. Small Ruminant Research, 20: 31-38.
  • NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Sheep (Seventh revised edition). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Onwuka C.F.I, Isah, O.A, Oni, A.O, Aderinboye, R.Y (2011). Ruminant animal nutrition. University os Agriculture, Abeokuta, ANN503.
  • Parish J (2008). The “Do’s” and “Don’ts” of non-protein nitrogen use. Cattle Businessin Mississippi – “Beef Production Strategies”. August, 2008.
  • Pathak A K (2008). Various factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Veterinary World, 1(6): 186-189.
  • Polan, C.E (1988). Update: dietary protein and microbial protein contribution. J. Nutr. 118:242.
  • Reynal, S M, Broderick, G A (2005). Effect of Dietary Level of Rumen-Degraded Protein on Production and Nitrogen Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 4045-4064.
  • Sarı M, Çerçi İ H, Önol A G, Deniz S, Azman M A, Bolat D (2008). Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları. Medipress Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. Malatya.
  • Serbester U, Çınar M (2009). Laktasyon başlangıcındaki süt sığırlarında süt üre azot düzeyi ve döl verimine etkisi. Hasat yayıncılık sayı no 295 sayfa no 46-49.
  • Sniffen C J (1974). Nitrogen utilization as related to solubility of NPN and protein in feeds. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf., p. 12-18.
  • Tamminga S (2006). The effect of the supply of rumen degradable protein and metabolisable protein on negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 96: 227-239. Wattiaux M A (2008). Besleme ve Yemleme. (çeviri editörü: Ahmet G. ÖNOL). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayın No: 29.
  • Zhai S W, Liu J X, Wu Y M, Ye Y A, Xu Y N (2006). Responses of milk urea nitrogen content to dietary crude protein level and degradability in lactating holstein dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal Science, 51(12): 518- 522.
  • Ziegler K (2000). Nutrition and Management: Types and Sources of Protein. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca /Sdepartment/deptdocs.nsf/all/beef11678. 26.02.2010.

Süt İneklerinin Protein Fraksiyonlarına Tepkileri

Year 2014, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 317 - 324, 30.09.2014
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.236282

Abstract

Proteinler, ruminant hayvanlarda mikrobiyal gelişim ve süt üretimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerdendir. Süt ineklerinde üreme, büyüme ve süt üretiminin sağlanabilmesi, proteinlerin yapıtaşı olan esansiyel amino asitlerin varlığı ile mümkündür. Bu derlemede, ruminant hayvanların protein gereksinimlerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan protein fraksiyonlarının süt inekleri için önemi, yemlerle alınan azotlu bileşiklerin süt ineklerinde kullanım şekilleri ve bunun süt verimi üzerine etkileri açıklanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; süt ineklerinin beslenmesinde rasyonları oluşturan yemlerde yalnızca ham protein  miktarının değil protein fraksiyonlarının da dikkate alınmasının süt ineklerinin yaşama ve verim payı ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması bakımından önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Amaral- Phillips D M (2013). Milk urea nitrogen-a nutritional evaluation Tool. http://afsdairy.ca.uky.edu /files/extension/nutrition/Milk_Urea_Nitrogen.pdf.
  • Anonim (2008). Protein and energy metabolism of ruminants. Texas Technology University. AnSc 5314. Anonim (2013). Ruminant Glossary- Proteins. http://www.agricom.co.nz/assets/files/nz/content_files/Ru minant%20Glossary%20-%20Proteins.pdf.
  • Bal M A, Yarar H, Kalamak A, Gürbüz Y (2004). Süt ve besi sığırı beslenmesinde kullanılan protein fraksiyonları ve verim üzerine etkileri. IV. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi. 01-03 Eylül, Isparta. Block, E (2006). Rumen Microbial Protein Production: Are We Missing an Opportunity to Improve Dietary and Economic Efficiencies in Protein Nutrition of the High Producing Dairy Cow. Animal Research and Technical Services, High Plains Dairy Conference
  • Bohnert, D W, Schauer, C S, Bauer, M L, DelCurta, T D (2002). Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: I. Site of digestion and microbial efficiency. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 2967–2977.
  • Brito, A F, Broderick, G A, Reynal, S M (2007). Effects of Different Protein Supplements on Omasal Nutrient Flow and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy, J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1828–1841. Cappellozza B I (2013). Protein nutrition for cattle. Oregon State University. Beef103.
  • Chalupa W, Pilbearo T E, Sniffen C J, Fox D G, Van Soest P J, O'Connor J D (1991). A model for estimating undegradability of dietary protein. Dairy Sci. 74 (1): 179 (Abstr.)
  • Chase, L E (2007). Understanding Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cattle. United State Department of Agriculture.
  • Clark, J H, Klusmeyyer T H, Cameron M R (1992). Symposium: Nitrogen metobolism and amino acid nutrition in dairy cattle. Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 2304-2323.
  • Cole, N A, Johnson, R R, Owens, F N, Males, J R (1976). Influence of roughage level and corn processing method on microbial protein synthesis by beef steers. J. Anim. Sci., 43:497-503.
  • Cyriac, J (2009). Lowering Ruminally Degradable Protein in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets. Dissertation submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Blacksburg VA.
  • Çalışkaner Ş, Demir E (2001). Hayvan Besleme Fizyolojisi ve Metabolizma. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 55.Tokat, 291s.
  • Deniz S, Tuncer Ş D (1995). Bitkisel protein kaynaklarının formaldehit ile muamele edilmesinin rumende kuru madde, ham protein ile effektif protein yıkılımı üzerine etkisi. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Anim. Sci., 19: 1-8.
  • Ergün İ, Tuncer Ş D, Çolpan İ, Yalçın S, Yıldız G, Küçükersan M K, Küçükersan S, Şehu, A (2004). Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 687 s.
  • Ergün İ, Tuncer Ş D, Çolpan İ, Yalçın S, Yıldız G, Küçükersan M. K, Küçükersan S, Şehu A (2008). Yemler yem hijyeni ve teknolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı. 725s.
  • Hedqvist H (2004). Metabolism of soluble proteins by rumen microorganisms and the influence of condensed tannins on nitrogen solubility and degradation. Doctoral thesis. ISSN 1401-6249, ISBN 91-576-6780-2.
  • Hersom M, Carter J N (2013). Total protein requirement of beef cattle II: Protein Components. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AN/AN16800.pdf.
  • Hopkins B A, Whitlow L W (2013). Effective use of protein in early lactation diets. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/an_sci/extension/dairy/204D.pdf.
  • Hristov A N, Etter R P, Ropp J K, Grandeen K L (2004). Effect of dietary crude protein level and degradability on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J Anim. Sci., 82: 3219-3229.
  • Ipharraguerre, R, Clark, J H, Freeman, D E (2005). Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. I. Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 253725
  • Karakozak E, Ayaşan T (2010). Ruminant beslemede korunmus metionin kullanımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1): 58-66.
  • Karslı M A, Russell J R (2000). Effects of source and concentrations of nitrogen and carbohydrate on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Türk J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 26: 201-207.
  • Karslı M A, Russell J R (2001). Effects of some dietary factors on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Turk J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 25: 681-686.
  • Kutlu, H R (2008). Yem değerlendirme ve analiz yöntemleri (Ders Notu). Çukurova Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü. Adana 2008
  • Lanzas C, Broderick G A, Fox D G (2008). Improved feed protein fractionation schemes or formulating rations with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Journal of Dairy Science, 91:4881–4891
  • Mabjeesh, S J, Arieli, A, Bruckental, I, Zamwell, S, Tagari, H (1997). Effect of Ruminal Degradability of Crude Protein and Nonstructural Carbohydrates on the Efficiency of Bacterial Crude Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flow to the Abomasum of Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci 80: 2939–2949. Machen R (2013). Goat nutrition-protein. http://animalscience.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/ASWeb081goatprotein.pdf
  • Mishra S, Rai S N (1996). Effects of different RDP and UDP ratios on voluntary intake, milk production and feed conversion efficiency in lactating goats. Small Ruminant Research, 20: 31-38.
  • NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Sheep (Seventh revised edition). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Onwuka C.F.I, Isah, O.A, Oni, A.O, Aderinboye, R.Y (2011). Ruminant animal nutrition. University os Agriculture, Abeokuta, ANN503.
  • Parish J (2008). The “Do’s” and “Don’ts” of non-protein nitrogen use. Cattle Businessin Mississippi – “Beef Production Strategies”. August, 2008.
  • Pathak A K (2008). Various factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Veterinary World, 1(6): 186-189.
  • Polan, C.E (1988). Update: dietary protein and microbial protein contribution. J. Nutr. 118:242.
  • Reynal, S M, Broderick, G A (2005). Effect of Dietary Level of Rumen-Degraded Protein on Production and Nitrogen Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 4045-4064.
  • Sarı M, Çerçi İ H, Önol A G, Deniz S, Azman M A, Bolat D (2008). Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları. Medipress Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. Malatya.
  • Serbester U, Çınar M (2009). Laktasyon başlangıcındaki süt sığırlarında süt üre azot düzeyi ve döl verimine etkisi. Hasat yayıncılık sayı no 295 sayfa no 46-49.
  • Sniffen C J (1974). Nitrogen utilization as related to solubility of NPN and protein in feeds. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf., p. 12-18.
  • Tamminga S (2006). The effect of the supply of rumen degradable protein and metabolisable protein on negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 96: 227-239. Wattiaux M A (2008). Besleme ve Yemleme. (çeviri editörü: Ahmet G. ÖNOL). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayın No: 29.
  • Zhai S W, Liu J X, Wu Y M, Ye Y A, Xu Y N (2006). Responses of milk urea nitrogen content to dietary crude protein level and degradability in lactating holstein dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal Science, 51(12): 518- 522.
  • Ziegler K (2000). Nutrition and Management: Types and Sources of Protein. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca /Sdepartment/deptdocs.nsf/all/beef11678. 26.02.2010.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehtap Güney

M. Karslı

Publication Date September 30, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Güney, M., & Karslı, M. (2014). Süt İneklerinin Protein Fraksiyonlarına Tepkileri. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(3), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.236282
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Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences by Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.