Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Formaldehitin Subletal Konsantrasyonlarının Sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Balığı Üzerindeki Toksik Etkileri

Year 2017, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 406 - 415, 29.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.319772

Abstract

Formaldehit
(FA) toksik kapasitesinden dolayı akuakültür ve süs balığı yetiştiriciliğinde
antiparazitik bir ajan ve genel bir dezenfektan olarak yaygın olarak
kullanılır. Bu çalışma, çok farklı kullanım alanlarına sahip olan FA’nın sazan
balığı üzerindeki kronik toksik etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Ortalama ağırlıkları 9.8 g ve ortalama boyları 7.3 cm olan sazan (Cyprinus carpio) balığı, yarı statik
test yöntemi kullanılarak, FA’ya kronik olarak maruz bırakılmıştır. Subletal
konsantrasyonlar 0, 20, 30, 40 mg/L olarak uygulanmıştır. Biyodeney 23 °C’de,
60 gün devam ettirilmiştir. Analiz ve değerlendirmeler için 15, 30 ve 60 günde
balık örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Disekte edilen
balıklardan alınan karaciğer ve solungaç dokusunda histolojik incelemeler
yapılmıştır. Redükte glutatyon (GSH) içeriği, glutatyon S-transferaz (GST), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT) aktivitesi
karaciğer ve solungaç dokusunda belirlenmiştir. Dokulardaki morfolojik
değişiklikler, solungaç primer lamellerinde yüzey epitel hücrelerinde
çoğalma, sekonder lamellada epitel tabakada
ayrılma, karaciğerde vakuolizasyon olarak tespit edilmiştir. GST’nin karaciğerde 40 mg/L’de
15 günde önemli olarak genelde azaldığı; SOD’un karaciğerde 20, 30
mg/L’de 15 günde önemli olarak azaldığı; CAT’ın karaciğer ve solungaçta 30
mg/L’de 15, 60 günde önemli olarak değiştiği
görülmüştür. Bu çalışmayla FA’nın sazan balığında incelenen kriterler için
hafif toksik etkiye sahip olduğu düşünülebilir. FA akuakültürde çok yaygın
kullanıldığından, kontrolsüz ve gereksiz kullanımından kaçınılması oluşabilecek
olumsuz biyolojik etkilerini azaltacaktır.

References

  • Adeyemo OK, Akano OF, Emikpe BO (2012). Effect of formalin on spawning success and organ histology in Clarias gariepinus. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 6(2): 42‒50.
  • Aebi H (1974). Catalase, s. 673‒684, In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, Bergemeyer HU (eds), Academic Press, New York.
  • Anonim (1995). Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19nd ed. APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington, USA.
  • Anonim (1999). Toxicological profile for formaldehyde. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
  • Anonim (2011). Formaldehyde. Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition, National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Balta F, Kayış Ş, Dengiz Balta Z (2009). Doğu karadeniz bölgesinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) görülen costiasis enfestasyonu ve tedavisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 5(1‒2): 11‒16.
  • Beutler E (1984). Red cell metabolism. s. 105‒106, In: A manual of biochemical methods (3nd ed.), Grune and Startton, New York.
  • Bulut C (2010). Bakır sülfat (CuSO4.5H2O) ve formaldehit (CH2O)’in gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) histopatolojik ve hematolojik etkilerinin araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta (yüksek lisans tezi, basılmamış).
  • Çetinkaya O (2005). Akuatik toksikoloji: balık biyodeneyleri, bölüm 7, s. 169‒217, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Çetinkaya O, Şen F, Elp M (2005). Balıklarda büyüme ve büyüme analizleri, bölüm 4, s. 93‒120, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Chinabut S, Limsuwan C, Tonguthai K, Pungkachonboon T (1988). Toxic and sublethal effect of formalin on freshwater fishes. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia, NACA/WP/88/73.
  • Francis-Floyd R (1996). Use of formalin to control fish parasites. VM-77, College of Veterinary Medicine Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food an Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
  • Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 7130‒7139.
  • HACH (1999). DR/2010 Spectrometer procedures manuel, Loveland, USA 850p.
  • IPCS (1989). Formaldehyde. Geneve, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, 219 pp. (Environmental Health Criteria 89).
  • Klobucar GIV, Stambuk A, Pavlica M, Peric MS, Hackenberger BK, Hylland K (2010). Genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environments using caged carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ekotoxicology 19: 77‒84.
  • Kurutaş EB, Şahan A, Altun T (2009). Oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and gill tissues of spotted barb (Capoeta barroisi Lortet, 1894) living in the river Ceyhan, Adana, Turkey. Turk J. Biol. 33: 275‒282.
  • Machado MR, Fanta E (2003). Effects of the organophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial epithelium of a freshwater fish Metynnis roosevelti. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 46(3): 361‒372.
  • Marklund SL (1990). Analysis of extracellular superoxide dismutase in tissue homogenates and extracellular fluids. Methods in Enzymology 186: 260‒265.
  • Martins J, Oliva Teles L, Vasconcelos V (2007). Assays with Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as alert systems in aquatic toxicology. Environment International 33(3): 414‒425.
  • Meinelt T, Pietrock M, Burnison K, Steinberg C (2005). Formaldehyde toxicity is altered by calcium and organic matter. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 121‒124.
  • Milam CD, Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Schulz R, Moore MT, Bennett ER, Cooper CM, Smith SJr (2004). Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion application in constructed wetland mesocosms. Enviromental Toxicolgy 19(5): 471‒479.
  • Nouh WG, Selim AG (2013). Toxopathological studies on the effect of formalin and copper sulphate in tilapia as a commonly used disinfectant in aquaculture. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 3(6): 7‒20.
  • OECD (2000). Fish juvenile growth test. OECD TG 215 (2000), C.14, Dir 2001/59/EC (O. J. L 225 2001).
  • Ofelia C, Da Silva F (2011). Assessing mixture toxicity of disinfectants in zebra fish. Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano. 95 pp.
  • Oruç EÖ, Usta D (2007). Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 23: 48‒55
  • Özgür ME, Bayır İ, Albayrak Ö (2011). Gökkuşağı alabalığı yavrularında formaldehit akut toksisitesi. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4(1): 71‒75.
  • Parlak H, Arslan ÖÇ, Boyacıoğlu M, Karaaslan MA (2009). Ekotoksikoloji, ders kitabı. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi yayınları, no:79, ders kitabı dizini no:39, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova‒İzmir.
  • Sanoli AB, Kanabur VV (2001). Acute toxicity of cyanide and formalin to a fresh-water fish Lepidocepalichithys guntea (catfish). Indian J. Fish. 48(1): 99‒101.
  • Santos RFB, Dias HM, Fujimoto RY (2012). Acute toxicity and histopathology in ornamental fish Amazon Bluespotted Corydora (Corydoras melanistius) exposed to formalin. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 84(4): 1001‒1007.
  • Schlenk D, Handy R, Steinert S, Depledge MH, Benson W (2008). Biomarkers, pp. 683‒731, , In: The Toxicology of Fishes, Unit III. Methodologies and Applications, 16. Di Giuhio RT and Hinton DE (eds), CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, USA.
  • Sprague JB (1990). Aquatic toxicology, pp. 491‒528, In: Methods for Fish Biology, Schreck CB and Moyle PB (eds), American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland.
  • Tisler T, Zagorc-Koncan J (1997). Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97(3): 315‒322.
  • Tokşen E (2004). Çipura yavrularında (Sparus aurata L., 1758) görülen Trichodina spp. enfeksiyonlarına formaldehit banyolarının etkisi. EÜ Su Ürünleri Dergisi 21(1‒2): 31‒33.
  • Trivedi MH, Sangai NP, Renuka A (2012). Assessment of toxicity of copper sulphate pentahydrate on oxidative stress indicators on liver of gold fish (Carassius auratus). Bulltin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 1(9): 52‒57.
  • Ünal G (2005). Balıklarda Histolojik Teknikler, bölüm 11, s. 301‒356, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Ünsal M (1998). Kirlilik deneyleri: Yöntemler ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi. TKB, Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Bodrum, Seri A, No.11, 168.
  • USEPA (1989). Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. EPA 600/4-89/001. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • USEPA (1991). Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. EPA 600/4‒90/027. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • WHO (2001). Formaldehyde. Chapter 5.8, Air Quality Guidelines-Second Edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Yang SD, Lin TS, Liu FG (2005). Studies on the formalin toxicity and formaldehyde residues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research 13(1): 25‒34.
  • Yonar SM, Sağlam N, Yöntürk Y, Aytemur A, Koşar A (2014). Formaldehit uygulanan gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nda bazı hematolojik ve antioksidan parametrelerin araştırılması. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com 8(4): 317‒323.

Sublethal Toxicity of Formaldehyde in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)

Year 2017, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 406 - 415, 29.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.319772

Abstract

Formaldehyde (FA) is widely used as an antiparasitic agent and a general disinfectant in aquaculture and ornamental fish farming. This study was conducted to determine the chronic toxic effects of FA on carp. Cyprinus carpio fish with an average weight of 9.8±3.1 g and an average length of 7.3±0.7 cm was chronically exposed to FA using a semi-static test method. Sublethal concentrations were applied at 0, 20, 30, 40 mgL-1. The bioassay was continued at 23°C for 60 days. Fish samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60 days for analysis and evaluation. The fish were dissected and the liver and gills tissue were removed. Histological examinations were performed on the liver and gills tissue from fish. Glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity were also determined in the removed tissues. Morphological changes in the tissues were determined as proliferation in surface epithelial cells in the gill primer lamella, cleavage in the epithelial layer in the lamella of the seconder, and vacuolization in the liver. GST is significantly reduced in the liver at 40 mgL-1 at 15 days; SOD significantly decreased in the liver at 20, 30 mgL-1 in 15 days; CAT was significantly altered in the liver and gill at 30 mgL-1 in 15, and 60 days. With this study, it can be considered that FA has a slight toxic effect for the criteria examined in carp. Because FA is widely used in aquaculture, avoiding uncontrolled and unnecessary use will reduce the adverse biological effects that may occur.

References

  • Adeyemo OK, Akano OF, Emikpe BO (2012). Effect of formalin on spawning success and organ histology in Clarias gariepinus. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 6(2): 42‒50.
  • Aebi H (1974). Catalase, s. 673‒684, In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, Bergemeyer HU (eds), Academic Press, New York.
  • Anonim (1995). Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19nd ed. APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington, USA.
  • Anonim (1999). Toxicological profile for formaldehyde. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
  • Anonim (2011). Formaldehyde. Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition, National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Balta F, Kayış Ş, Dengiz Balta Z (2009). Doğu karadeniz bölgesinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) görülen costiasis enfestasyonu ve tedavisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 5(1‒2): 11‒16.
  • Beutler E (1984). Red cell metabolism. s. 105‒106, In: A manual of biochemical methods (3nd ed.), Grune and Startton, New York.
  • Bulut C (2010). Bakır sülfat (CuSO4.5H2O) ve formaldehit (CH2O)’in gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) histopatolojik ve hematolojik etkilerinin araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta (yüksek lisans tezi, basılmamış).
  • Çetinkaya O (2005). Akuatik toksikoloji: balık biyodeneyleri, bölüm 7, s. 169‒217, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Çetinkaya O, Şen F, Elp M (2005). Balıklarda büyüme ve büyüme analizleri, bölüm 4, s. 93‒120, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Chinabut S, Limsuwan C, Tonguthai K, Pungkachonboon T (1988). Toxic and sublethal effect of formalin on freshwater fishes. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia, NACA/WP/88/73.
  • Francis-Floyd R (1996). Use of formalin to control fish parasites. VM-77, College of Veterinary Medicine Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food an Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
  • Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 7130‒7139.
  • HACH (1999). DR/2010 Spectrometer procedures manuel, Loveland, USA 850p.
  • IPCS (1989). Formaldehyde. Geneve, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, 219 pp. (Environmental Health Criteria 89).
  • Klobucar GIV, Stambuk A, Pavlica M, Peric MS, Hackenberger BK, Hylland K (2010). Genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environments using caged carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ekotoxicology 19: 77‒84.
  • Kurutaş EB, Şahan A, Altun T (2009). Oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and gill tissues of spotted barb (Capoeta barroisi Lortet, 1894) living in the river Ceyhan, Adana, Turkey. Turk J. Biol. 33: 275‒282.
  • Machado MR, Fanta E (2003). Effects of the organophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial epithelium of a freshwater fish Metynnis roosevelti. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 46(3): 361‒372.
  • Marklund SL (1990). Analysis of extracellular superoxide dismutase in tissue homogenates and extracellular fluids. Methods in Enzymology 186: 260‒265.
  • Martins J, Oliva Teles L, Vasconcelos V (2007). Assays with Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as alert systems in aquatic toxicology. Environment International 33(3): 414‒425.
  • Meinelt T, Pietrock M, Burnison K, Steinberg C (2005). Formaldehyde toxicity is altered by calcium and organic matter. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 121‒124.
  • Milam CD, Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Schulz R, Moore MT, Bennett ER, Cooper CM, Smith SJr (2004). Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion application in constructed wetland mesocosms. Enviromental Toxicolgy 19(5): 471‒479.
  • Nouh WG, Selim AG (2013). Toxopathological studies on the effect of formalin and copper sulphate in tilapia as a commonly used disinfectant in aquaculture. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 3(6): 7‒20.
  • OECD (2000). Fish juvenile growth test. OECD TG 215 (2000), C.14, Dir 2001/59/EC (O. J. L 225 2001).
  • Ofelia C, Da Silva F (2011). Assessing mixture toxicity of disinfectants in zebra fish. Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano. 95 pp.
  • Oruç EÖ, Usta D (2007). Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 23: 48‒55
  • Özgür ME, Bayır İ, Albayrak Ö (2011). Gökkuşağı alabalığı yavrularında formaldehit akut toksisitesi. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 4(1): 71‒75.
  • Parlak H, Arslan ÖÇ, Boyacıoğlu M, Karaaslan MA (2009). Ekotoksikoloji, ders kitabı. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi yayınları, no:79, ders kitabı dizini no:39, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova‒İzmir.
  • Sanoli AB, Kanabur VV (2001). Acute toxicity of cyanide and formalin to a fresh-water fish Lepidocepalichithys guntea (catfish). Indian J. Fish. 48(1): 99‒101.
  • Santos RFB, Dias HM, Fujimoto RY (2012). Acute toxicity and histopathology in ornamental fish Amazon Bluespotted Corydora (Corydoras melanistius) exposed to formalin. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 84(4): 1001‒1007.
  • Schlenk D, Handy R, Steinert S, Depledge MH, Benson W (2008). Biomarkers, pp. 683‒731, , In: The Toxicology of Fishes, Unit III. Methodologies and Applications, 16. Di Giuhio RT and Hinton DE (eds), CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, USA.
  • Sprague JB (1990). Aquatic toxicology, pp. 491‒528, In: Methods for Fish Biology, Schreck CB and Moyle PB (eds), American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland.
  • Tisler T, Zagorc-Koncan J (1997). Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97(3): 315‒322.
  • Tokşen E (2004). Çipura yavrularında (Sparus aurata L., 1758) görülen Trichodina spp. enfeksiyonlarına formaldehit banyolarının etkisi. EÜ Su Ürünleri Dergisi 21(1‒2): 31‒33.
  • Trivedi MH, Sangai NP, Renuka A (2012). Assessment of toxicity of copper sulphate pentahydrate on oxidative stress indicators on liver of gold fish (Carassius auratus). Bulltin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 1(9): 52‒57.
  • Ünal G (2005). Balıklarda Histolojik Teknikler, bölüm 11, s. 301‒356, Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri, Karataş M (eds) Nobel, Yayın No. 772, Fen ve Biyoloji Yayınları Dizisi No.1, Ankara.
  • Ünsal M (1998). Kirlilik deneyleri: Yöntemler ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi. TKB, Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Bodrum, Seri A, No.11, 168.
  • USEPA (1989). Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. EPA 600/4-89/001. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • USEPA (1991). Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. EPA 600/4‒90/027. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • WHO (2001). Formaldehyde. Chapter 5.8, Air Quality Guidelines-Second Edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Yang SD, Lin TS, Liu FG (2005). Studies on the formalin toxicity and formaldehyde residues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research 13(1): 25‒34.
  • Yonar SM, Sağlam N, Yöntürk Y, Aytemur A, Koşar A (2014). Formaldehit uygulanan gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nda bazı hematolojik ve antioksidan parametrelerin araştırılması. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com 8(4): 317‒323.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ertuğrul Kankaya

Burak Kaptaner

Publication Date September 29, 2017
Acceptance Date September 13, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 27 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kankaya, E., & Kaptaner, B. (2017). Sublethal Toxicity of Formaldehyde in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758). Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(3), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.319772
Creative Commons License
Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences by Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.