Use of Brown Seaweed Extracts as Bio-fertilizers and their Effects on the Carrageenan Yield, Ice-ice Disease Occurrence, and Growth Rate of the Red Seaweed Kappaphycus striatus

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 436 - 447, 30.06.2022

Albaris Tahıluddın Sitti Sheha Irın Katrina Jumadıl Radzwina Muddıhıl Ertuğrul Terzi

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1071446

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Kappaphycus striatus is one of the most important eucheumatoid species that is widely farmed worldwide. In the southern Philippines, where the initial farm was established, sluggish growth of farmed Kappaphycus species brought about by the poor quality of planting materials and extensive farming resulting in unproductive farms and frequent ice-ice outbreaks have been a hindrance in increasing the seaweed production. As a result, farmers have led to the application of inorganic fertilizers as nutrient enrichment for Kappaphycus. However, inorganic or chemical fertilizers always pose negative impacts on the environment. Hence, in this study, a preliminary investigation on the potential use of extracts of brown seaweeds Sargassum cristaefolium and Turbinaria conoides as bio-fertilizers was tested on K. striatus for their growth rate, carrageenan yield, and ice-ice disease occurrence. Seaweed liquid extracts (SLE): S. cristaefolium (SC), T. conoides (TC), combination of SC and TC (MX), and control (C) were utilized as bio-fertilizers for K. striatus. SLE-enriched K. striatus seedlings were cultivated in a seaweed farm using the fixed-off bottom method for 45 days. Results revealed that the specific growth rates of all SLE treatments were significantly higher than no SLE treatment at day 45. The percentage of ice-ice disease and the yield of carrageenan did not differ among treatments. Enrichment of K. striatus using SLE of two selected brown seaweeds before out-planting could improve growth rates while not affecting the ice-ice disease occurrence and carrageenan yield. Hence, formulated SLE from brown seaweeds S. cristaefolium and T. conoides can be used as potential bio-fertilizers for Kappaphycus cultivation.

Keywords

Bio-fertilizer, Kappaphycus striatus, Sargassum, Seaweed liquid extract, Turbinaria

References

• Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A., & Jayaraman, J. (2021). Biostimulant properties of seaweed extracts in plants: Implications towards sustainable crop production. Plants, 10(3), 531.
• Ali, M. K. M., Critchley, A. T., & Hurtado, A. Q. (2020). The impacts of AMPEP K+ (Ascophyllum marine plant extract, enhanced with potassium) on the growth rate, carrageenan quality, and percentage incidence of the damaging epiphyte Neosiphonia apiculata on four strains of the commercially important carrageenophyte Kappaphycus, as developed by micropropagation techniques. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(3), 1907-1916.
• Borlongan, I. A. G., Tibubos, K. R., Yunque, D. A. T., Hurtado, A. Q., & Critchley, A. T. (2011). Impact of AMPEP on the growth and occurrence of epiphytic Neosiphonia infestation on two varieties of commercially cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii grown at different depths in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 615-621.
• Dawes, C. J., Lluisma, A. O., & Trono, G. C. (1994). Laboratory and field growth studies of commercial strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6(1), 21-24.
• Erulan, V., Soundarapandian, P., Thirumaran, G., & Ananthan, G. (2009). Studies on the effect of Sargassum polycystum (C. Agardh, 1824) extract on the growth and biochemical composition of Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 6(4), 392-399.
• Faisan, J. P., Luhan, M., Rovilla, J., Sibonga, R. C., Mateo, J. P., Ferriols, V. M. E. N., Brakel J, & Hurtado, A. Q. (2021). Preliminary survey of pests and diseases of eucheumatoid seaweed farms in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(4), 2391-2405.
• FAO. (2020). Sustainability in action. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, 200.
• Illud, H. (2020). Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth performance,“ice-ice” disease occurrence and carrageenan quality of farmed seaweed Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty Ex. PC Silva. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 10(3), 12313-12330.
• Hayashi, L., de Paula, E. J., & Chow, F. (2007). Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of São Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(5), 393-399.
• Hurtado-Ponce, A. Q. (1995). Carrageenan properties and proximate composition of three morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) grown at two depths.
• Hurtado, A. Q., & Agbayani, R. F. (2000). The farming of the seaweed Kappaphycus. Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
• Hurtado, A. Q., Agbayani, R. F., Sanares, R., & de Castro-Mallare, M. T. R. (2001). The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 295-310.
• Hurtado, A. Q., Yunque, D. A., Tibubos, K., & Critchley, A. T. (2009). Use of Acadian marine plant extract powder from Ascophyllum nodosum in tissue culture of Kappaphycus varieties. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21(6), 633-639.
• Hurtado, A. Q., & Critchley, A. T. (2013). Impact of Acadian marine plant extract powder (AMPEP) in Kappaphycus production. Malaysian Journal of Science, 32, 239-252.
• Hurtado, A. Q., Neish, I. C., & Critchley, A. T. (2015). Developments in production technology of Kappaphycus in the Philippines: more than four decades of farming. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(5), 1945-1961.
• Karthik, T., Sarkar, G., Babu, S., Amalraj, L. D., & Jayasri, M. A. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of liquid fertilizer from Turbinaria ornata and Ulva reticulata. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 28, 101712.
• Kavipriya, R., Dhanalakshmi, P. K., Jayashree, S., & Thangaraju, N. (2011). Seaweed extract as a biostimulant for legume crop, green gram. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 3(8).
• Kumari, R., Kaur, I., & Bhatnagar, A. K. (2011). Effect of aqueous extract of Sargassum johnstonii Setchell & Gardner on growth, yield and quality of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 623-633.
• Largo, D. B., Fukami, K., Nishijima, T., & Ohno, M. (1995a). Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 7(6), 539-543.
• Largo, D. B., Fukami, K., & Nishijima, T. (1995b). Occasional pathogenic bacteria promoting ice-ice disease in the carrageenan-producing red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of applied phycology, 7(6), 545-554.
• Layek, J., Das, A., Idapuganti, R. G., Sarkar, D., Ghosh, A., Zodape, S. T., Lal, R., Yadav, G.S., Panwar, A.S., Ngachan, S., & Meena, R. S. (2018). Seaweed extract as organic bio-stimulant improves productivity and quality of rice in eastern Himalayas. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(1), 547-558.
• Loureiro, R. R., Reis, R. P., & Critchley, A. T. (2010). In vitro cultivation of three Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) variants (green, red and brown) exposed to a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Ochrophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(1), 101-104.
• Loureiro, R. R., Reis, R. P., Berrogain, F. D., & Critchley, A. T. (2012). Extract powder from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (AMPEP): a “vaccine-like” effect on Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex PC Silva. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(3), 427-432.
• Loureiro, R. R., Reis, R. P., Berrogain, F. D., & Critchley, A. T. (2014). Effects of a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum on the biomass production of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex PC Silva and its carrageenan yield and gel quality cultivated in Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(2), 763-768.
• Loureiro, R. R., Hurtado, A. Q., & Critchley, A. T. (2017). Impacts of AMPEP on epiphytes and diseases in Kappaphycus and Eucheuma cultivation. In Tropical seaweed farming trends, problems and opportunities (pp. 111-119). Springer, Cham.
• Luhan, M. R. J., & Sollesta, H. (2010). Growing the reproductive cells (carpospores) of the seaweed, Kappaphycus striatum, in the laboratory until outplanting in the field and maturation to tetrasporophyte. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(5), 579-585.
• Luhan, M. R. J., Avañcena, S. S., & Mateo, J. P. (2015). Effect of short-term immersion of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in high nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen assimilation, carrageenan quality, and occurrence of “ice-ice” disease. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(2), 917-922.
• Manea, A. I., & Abbas, K. A. U. (2018). Influence of seaweed extract, organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and yield broccoli. International journal of vegetable science, 24(6), 550-556.
• Martins, A. P., Necchi Junior, O., Colepicolo, P., & Yokoya, N. S. (2011). Effects of nitrate and phosphate availabilities on growth, photosynthesis and pigment and protein contents in colour strains of Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacqu.) JV Lamour. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21(2), 340-348.
• Maryunus, R. P. (2018). Pengendalian Penyakit Ice-ice Budidaya Rumput Laut, Kappaphycus alvarezii: Korelasi Musim dan manipulasi Terbatas Lingkungan. Jurnal kebijakan perikanan Indonesia, 10(1), 1-10.
• Mendoza, W. G., Montaño, N. E., Ganzon-Fortes, E. T., & Villanueva, R. D. (2002). Chemical and gelling profile of ice-ice infected carrageenan from Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty “sacol” strain (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 14(5), 409-418.
• Menéndez, M., Herrera Silveira, J. A., & Comín, F. A. (2002). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on growth, chlorophyll content and tissue composition of the macroalga Chaetomorpha linum (OF Mull), Kutz, in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon. Scientia Marina, 2002, vol. 66, num. 4, p. 355-364.
• Munoz, J., Freile-Pelegrín, Y., & Robledo, D. (2004). Mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) color strains in tropical waters of Yucatán, México. Aquaculture, 239(1-4), 161-177.
• Nabti, E., Jha, B., & Hartmann, A. (2017). Impact of seaweeds on agricultural crop production as biofertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(5), 1119-1134.
• Nagler, P. L., Glenn, E. P., Nelson, S. G., & Napolean, S. (2003). Effects of fertilization treatment and stocking density on the growth and production of the economic seaweed Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta) in cage culture at Molokai, Hawaii. Aquaculture, 219(1-4), 379-391.
• Neish, A. C., Shacklock, P. F., Fox, C. H., & Simpson, F. J. (1977). The cultivation of Chondrus crispus. Factors affecting growth under greenhouse conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55(16), 2263-2271.
• Romero, J. B., Montano, M. E., Merca, F. A., Rumbaoa, R. O., & Villanueva, R. D. (2000). Effect of sucrose on some physical properties of different Philippine agars. Philippine Journal of Science, 129(1), 7-14.
• Rui, L., Jiajun, L., & Chaoyuan, W. (1990). Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). In Thirteenth International Seaweed Symposium (pp. 499-503). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Santoso, J., Gunji, S., Yoshie-Stark, Y., & Suzuki, T. (2006). Mineral contents of Indonesian seaweeds and mineral solubility affected by basic cooking. Food Science and Technology Research, 12(1), 59-66.
• Sarri, J. H., Abdulmutalib, Y. A., Mohammad Tilka, M. E., Terzi, E., & Tahiluddin, A. B. (2022). Effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the carrageenan yield, growth, and ice-ice disease occurrence of red alga Kappaphycus striatus. Aquatic Research, 5(2), 99-109.
• Sathya, B., Indu, H., Seenivasan, R., & Geetha, S. (2010). Influence of seaweed liquid fertilizer on the growth and biochemical composition of legume crop, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp. Journal of Phytology, 2(5).
• Selvam, G. G., & Sivakumar, K. (2014). Influence of seaweed extract as an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of Arachis hypogea L. and their elemental composition using SEM–Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 3(1), 18-22.
• Silva, L. D., Bahcevandziev, K., & Pereira, L. (2019). Production of bio-fertilizer from Ascophyllum nodosum and Sargassum muticum (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(3), 918-927.
• Solis, M. J. L., Draeger, S., & dela Cruz, T. E. E. (2010). Marine-derived fungi from Kappaphycus alvarezii and K. striatum as potential causative agents of ice-ice disease in farmed seaweeds. Botanica Marina, 53, 587–594.
• Sunarpi, H., Kurnianingsih, R., Ghazali, M., Fanani, R. A., Sunarwidhi, A. L., Widyastuti, S., & Prasedya, E. S. (2020). Evidence for the presence of growth-promoting factors in Lombok Turbinaria murayana extract stimulating growth and yield of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(12), 1813-1823.
• Sutharsan, S. (2017). Effects of seaweed (Sargassum crassi seedling performan. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forest, 5(4), 1-5.
• Tahiluddin, A.B. (2018). Influence of fertilization on the occurrence of Vibrio, “ice-ice” disease and growth of seaweeds Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty ex P.C. Silva. [M.S. Thesis]. University of the Philippines Visayas, Iloilo. 86p.
• Tahiluddin, A.B., Terzi, E. (2021a). Ice-ice disease in commercially cultivated seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A review on the causes, occurrence, and control measures. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3), 234-243.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., & Terzi, E. (2021b). An Overview of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Philippines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(4), 475-486.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Diciano, E. J., Robles, R. J. F. & Akrim, J. P. (2021a). Influence of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on nitrogen assimilation of red seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Journal of Biometry Studies, 1(2), 35-40.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Nuñal, S. N., & Luhan, M. R. J. (2021b). Vibrio and Heterotrophic Marine Bacteria Composition and Abundance in Nutrient-enriched Kappaphycus striatus. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(6B), 1751-1763.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Alawi, T. I., Hassan, N. S. A., Jaji, S. N. A., & Terzi, E. (2021c). Abundance of Culturable Heterotrophic Marine Bacteria in Ulva lactuca Associated with Farmed Seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma denticulatum. Journal of Agricultural Production, 2(2), 44-47.
• Umanzor, S., Shin, S., Marty-Rivera, M., Augyte, S., Yarish, C., & Kim, J. K. (2019). Preliminary assessment on the effects of the commercial seaweed extract, AMPEP, on growth and thermal tolerance of the kelp Saccharina spp. from the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(6), 3823-3829.
• Vijayanand, N., Ramya, S. S., & Rathinavel, S. (2014). Potential of liquid extracts of Sargassum wightii on growth, biochemical and yield parameters of cluster bean plant. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 3(2), 150-155.
• Zodape, S. T., Kawarkhe, V. J., Patolia, J. S., & Warade, A. D. (2008). Effect of liquid seaweed fertilizer on yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 67, 1115-1117.