Quality Proficiency to Crop, Soil and Irrigation System of Recycled Wastewater from the Van/Edremit Wastewater Treatment Plant

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 497 - 506, 30.09.2022

Caner Yerli Ustun Sahin

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1139773

Abstract

Increasing pressure on water resources in the world has revealed the necessity of using marginal water resources in irrigation. With the use of wastewater, which is one of the marginal water resources, the pressure on freshwater resources is alleviated, the discharge problems of wastewater are solved, and soil and crop productivity increase with the high nutritive effect of wastewater. However, salinity, heavy metals, some harmful chemicals, and the pathogen risks of wastewater should not be ignored. In this context, in this study, the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant located in the central Edremit district of Van province was evaluated in terms of usability in irrigation. Samples were taken from treated wastewater during the vegetation period in 2020 and 2021 and pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total nitrogen and phosphorus, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, fecal coliform, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate and Langelier saturation index were determined by analysis and calculations. As a result of the study, the treated wastewater does not pose a risk in terms of pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total suspended solids, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate, langelier saturation index and fecal coliform, but attention should be paid to the total nitrogen and phosphorus, chemical and biological oxygen demand contents. It was concluded that the treated wastewater is in compliance with national and international standards, and there is no harm in its use in irrigation and thus treated wastewater can be recommended as a reliable water source for irrigation in the semi-arid province of Van/Edremit. However, in order to ensure safe and sustainable management in irrigation with wastewater, it is necessary to monitor water quality and make necessary inspections of soil, crop and irrigation systems.

Keywords

Irrigation, Van province, Wastewater treatment plant, Wastewater, Water quality

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

119O528

References

• Anonymous, (2007). Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils. https:/www.epa.gov/sites/production/files2015-12/documents/3051a.pdf Access date: 05.05.2018.
• Anonymous, (2008). Regulation amending the water pollution control regulation. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/02/20080213-13.htm Access date: 03.04.2021.
• Anonymous, (2010). Communique on technical procedures for wastewater treatment plants. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100320-7.htm Access date: 03.04.2021.
• Anonymous, (2022). Edremit district report. https://www.vantso.org.tr/u/files/5EDREMIT-GDPAOAQ_998.pdf Access date: 01.07.2022. APHA, (1995). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. https://www.mwa.co.th/download/file_upload/SMWW_1000-3000.pdf Access date: 17.10.2018.
• APHA-AWWA-WPCF, (1989). Standart methods for examination of water and wastewater. https://www.techstreet.com/standards/standard-methods-for-the-examination-of-water-and-wastewater-23rdedition?gclid= EAIaIQobChMI8cO8 p8K24AIVFojVCh3qvwxIEAAYASAAEgLc_vD_BwE&sid=goog&product_id=1974889 Access date: 18.09.2018.
• Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D.W. (1994). Water Quality for Agriculture-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No: 29, Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations, Roma.
• Ayyildiz, M. (1983). Irrigation Water Quality and Salinity Problems. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Ankara.
• Barbera, A. C., Maucieri, C., Cavallaro, V., Ioppolo, A., & Spagna, G. (2013). Effects of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil properties and crops, a review. Agricultural Water Management, 119, 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2012.12.009
• Becerra-Castro, C., Lopes, A. R., Vaz-Moreira, I., Sılva, E. F., Manaia, C. M., & Nunes, O. C. (2015). Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environment International, 75, 117-135. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.001
• Bhargava, A., Carmona, F. F., Bhargava, M., & Srivastava, S. (2012). Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management, 105, 103-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.002
• Corcoran, E. (2010). Sick Water? The Central Role of Wastewater Management in Sustainable Development. Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway.
• Ding, T., Lin, K., Yang, B., Yang, M., & Li, J. (2019). Toxic effects and metabolic fate of carbamazepine in diatom Navicula sp. as influenced by humic acid and nitrogen species. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 378, 120763. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120763
• Ekmekci, E., Apan, M., & Kara, T. (2005). The effect of salinity on plant growth. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20 (3), 118-125.
• EPA, (2004). Guidelines For Water Reuse. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, USA.
• Eroglu, S., Sahin, F., Sahin, U., & Anapalı, O. (2009). Bacterial application for treatment of clogged emitters in drip irrigation systems as an environmentally friendly method. New Biotechnology, 25, S271-S272. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.611
• Eroglu, S., Sahin, U., Tunc, T., & Sahin, F. (2012). Bacterial application increased the flow rate of CaCO3-clogged emitters of drip irrigation system. Journal of Environmental Management, 98, 37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.014
• HACH, (2005). DR 5000 spectrometer procedures manuel. http://tr.hach.com/quick. Searchdownloadsearch.jsa?keywords=kullan%C4%B1 Access date: 17.10.2018.
• HACH, (2010). Hach bodtrak II. http://tr.hach.com/bod-trak-ii-aksesuarlar-ile-birlikte-respirometrikboi-aparat/productdownloadsd Access date: 17.10.2018.
• Hopkins, B. G., Horneck, D. A., Stevens, R. G., Ellsworth, J. W., & Sullivan, D. M. (2007). Managing irrigation water quality for crop production in the Pacific Northwest. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/administrative_report_or_publications/w3763710v Access date: 01.06.2021.
• Jimenez, B., Drechsel, P., Kone, D., Bahri, A., Raschid-Sally, L., & Qadir, M. (2010). Wastewater, Sludge and Excreta Use in Developing Countries: an Overview. In P. Drechsel, C. A. Scott, L. Raschid-sally, M. Redwood & A. Bahri (Eds.), Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries, (pp. 1-27). Earthscan, London, United Kingdom,
• Kanber, R., & Unlu, M. (2010). Water and Soil Salinity in Agriculture. Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Adana.
• Karaca, S., Sargin, B., & Turkmen, F. (2019). Investigation of some land and soil properties by geographical information system analysis: Van Province land and soil properties. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (2), 199-205. doi: 10.19159/tutad.542543
• Ors, S., & Ekinci, M. (2015). Drought stress and plant physiology. Derim, 32 (2), 237-250. doi: 10.16882/derim.2015.90060
• Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., & Pellegrini, S. (2004). Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 79 (2), 131-143. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2004.07.002
• Qadir, M., Mateo-Sagasta, J., Jimenez, B., Siebe, C., Siemens, J., & Hanjra, M. A. (2015). Environmental Risks and Cost-Effective Risk Management in Wastewater Usesystems. In P. Drechsel, M. Qadir, D. Wichelns (Eds.), Wastewater: economicasset in an urbanizing world, (pp. 55-72). Springer, London.
• Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., Minhas, P. S., Drechsel, P., Bahri, A., Mccornick, P. G., Abaidoo, R., Attia, F., & Elguındy, S. (2007). Agricultural Use of Marginal-Quality Water: Opportunities and Challenges. In D. Moden (Ed.), Water management in agriculture, (pp. 425-457). Earthscan, London and International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
• Qin, Y., & Horvath, A. (2020). Use of alternative water sources in irrigation: potential scales, costs, and environmental impacts in California. Environmental Research Communications, 2 (5), 055003. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab915e
• Raschid-Sally, L., & Jayakody, P. (2009). Drivers and Characteristics of Wastewater Agriculture in Developing Countries: Results from a Global Assessment, IWMI.
• Rivas, R. M. F., de Leon, G. S., Leal, J. A. R., Ramirez, J. M., & Romero, F. M. (2017). Characterization of dissolved organic matter in an agricultural wastewater-irrigated soil, in semi arid Mexico. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 33 (4), 575-590. doi: 10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.03
• Sahin, U., Anapali, O., Donmez, M. F., & Sahin, F. (2005). Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system. Journal of Environmental Management, 76 (4), 338-341. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.02.003
• Sharma, S., Nagpal, A. K., & Kaur, I. (2018). Heavy metal contamination in soil, food crops and associated health risks for residents of Ropar wetland, Punjab, India and its environs. Food Chemistry, 255, 15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.037
• Singh, M., Singh, V. P., & Prasad, S. M. (2016). Nitrogen modifies NaCl toxicity in eggplant seedlings: Assessment of chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidative response and proline metabolism. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 7, 76-86. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.05.007
• Thebo, A. L., Drechsel, P., Lambin, E., & Nelson, K. A. (2017). Global, spatially-explicit assessment of irrigated croplands influenced by urban wastewater flows. Environmental Research Letters, 12, 074008. doi: 10.1088/1748-9329/aa75d1
• TSI, (2018). Environment and Energy Statistics. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri .do?id=30667 Access date: 17.05.2021.
• Turna, M., & Eski, H. (2016). Edremit district analysis, Eastern Anatolia Development Agency. https://www.kalkinmakutuphanesi.gov.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/edremit.pdf Access date: 01.07.2022.
• Tuzuner, A. (1990). Soil and Water Analysis Laboratories Handbook. T.R. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Rural Services, Ankara.
• UN, (2014). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014. Water and Energy, Paris, France.
• WHO, (2006). Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume II: Wastewater Use in Agriculture, World Health Organization, France.
• Winpenny, J. T., Heinz, I., & Koo-Oshima, S. (2010). The Wealth of Waste: The Economics of Wastewater Use in Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Roma, Italy.
• Yerli, C., Sahin, U., & Oztas, T. (2022). CO2 emission from soil in silage maize irrigated with wastewater under deficit irrigation in direct sowing practice. Agricultural Water Management, 271, 107791. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107791