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Ekstrem Kış Donlarının Kayısı Çiçek Tomurcuklarında Neden Olduğu Yapısal Anomaliler

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 545 - 552, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1595666

Abstract

Düşük sıcaklıklar, meyve yetiştiriciliğinde en zararlı stres faktörlerinden biridir. Tolerans, strese karşı başa çıkmak için en önemli stratejilerden biridir. Ancak, tolerans durumu bitki organına ve ağaçların fenolojik evresine göre değişim göstermektedir. Ağaç gövdesi, ana dallar ve çiçek tomurcukları, genellikle dinlenme döneminde bile aşırı düşük sıcaklıklara karşı dayanıklı olsa da, çiçek tomurcukları, özellikle düşük sıcaklıklar sıcak bir dönemin ardından geldiğinde ve/veya sıcaklıklar aşırı derecede düşük olduğunda zarar görebilir. Bu durumlarda, çoğu çiçek tomurcuğu zarar görebilir ve hayatta kalan çiçeklerde anomali meydana gelebilir. Bu çalışmada, Malatya ilinin Kuluncak ilçesinde bulunan ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ ve ‘Kabaaşı’ kayısı çeşitlerindeki çiçek tomurcuğu zararları ve çiçek yapıları incelenmiştir. Sıcaklık birkaç kez -20°C'nin altına düşmüş ve çoğunlukla sıcak bir dönemin ardından olmuştur. Çalışma, 32 kayısı bahçesinde (9 ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ ve 23 ‘Kabaaşı’) yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ bahçelerinde zarar oranlarının %94 ile %100 arasında değiştiğini, ‘Kabaaşı’ bahçelerinde ise bu oranın %22 ile %87 arasında değiştiğini göstermiştir. Hayatta kalan tomurcuklarda, her iki çeşitte de petal, stamen ve pistilin önemli ölçüde kısaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma, kış donlarının ne kadar ciddi zararlar verebileceğini ve kış donlarının yaygın olduğu bölgelerde bahçe kurarken dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini açıkça göstermektedir.

References

  • Andiç, C. (1993). Tarımsal Ekoloji. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notları No: 106, Erzurum.
  • Anonymous. (2014). Sonuç raporu (Final report in Turkish). Ulusal Kayısı Çalıştayı (National Apricot Workshop), 18–19 Kasım 2014, Malatya. Retrieved from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/Belgeler/Duyurular/kayisimail.pdf (Accessed: 13.10.2024).
  • Bakos, J. L., Ladányi, M., & Szalay, L. (2024). Frost hardiness of flower buds of 16 apricot cultivars during dormancy. Folia Horticulturae, 36, 81-93.
  • Bartolini, S., Viti, R., & Zanol, G. (2004). The involvement of glutathione in flower bud dormancy overcoming in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). In R. Viti & G. Zanol (Eds.), Recent Research Developments in Agronomy and Horticulture (Vol. 1, pp. 11–28). Research Signpost Press, Kerala, India.
  • Erdem, E., Aşkın, M. A., & Sarısu, H. C. (2016). Kayısı ve kiraz çiçek tomurcukları üzerine kış donlarının etkileri. Meyve Bilimi, 3(1), 45–50.
  • FAO. (2024). Crops and livestock products. FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  • Güneş, N. T. (2006). Frost hardiness of some Turkish apricot cultivars during the bloom period. HortScience, 41(2).
  • Hajinal, V., Puskás, N., Ladányi, M., & Szalay, L. (2014). Evaluation of suitability for Hungarian conditions of American apricot cultivars based on frost hardiness and microsporogenesis. In Növénynemesítés a megújuló mezőgazdaságban (p. 175).
  • Istrate, M., Grădinariu, G., Dascălu, M., & Zlati, C. (2013). Study on the influence of climatic conditions during the rest period upon apricot trees fructification in the NE of Romania. Lucrări Științifice, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iași, Seria Horticultură, 56(1), 195–200.
  • Karlıdağ, H. (2011). Negative effects of extreme lowe temperatures on some fruit species. Türkiye VI. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, 444–447, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
  • Karlidag, H., & Ercisli, S. (2010). The influence of rootstocks on frost damage in apricot cvs. Kabaasi and Hacihaliloglu. Acta Horticulturae, 862, 313–316.
  • Korzin, V., Gorina, V., & Saplev, N. (2021). The effect of weather conditions in southern Russia on the frost resistance of apricot generative buds. Horticultural Science, 48(4), 158–165.
  • Muradoğlu, F., Kayakeser, U., & Başak, İ. (2022). Morphometric properties comparison of some Turkish and foreign apricot variety grown at high altitude. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2), 249-259.
  • Muradoğlu, F., Kırkaya, H., Batur, Ş., Pürlu, G., & Hasanov, M. (2025). The Stimulating Effect of Polyamine and Brassinolide on Sweet Cherry cv.‘0900 Ziraat’Pollen. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1), 36-43.
  • Perry, K. B. (2001). Frost/freeze protection for horticultural crops. Horticultural Information Leaflet 705, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, NC State University, Raleigh.
  • Rodrigo, J. (2000). Spring frosts in deciduous fruit trees: Morphological damage and flower hardiness. Scientia Horticulturae, 85(3), 155–173.
  • Szymajda, M., Pruski, K., Żurawicz, E., & Sitarek, M. (2013). Freezing injuries to flower buds and their influence on yield of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and peach (Prunus persica L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 93(2), 191–198.
  • TUİK. (2024). Fruits, beverages and spice plants. Plant Production Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr Access date: 13.10.2024.

Structural Anomalies in Apricot Flower Buds Caused by Extreme Winter Frosts

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 545 - 552, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1595666

Abstract

Low temperatures are among the most damaging stress factors in fruit growing. Tolerance is one of the most important strategies for plants in coping with cold stress. However, the tolerance depends on the plant organ and the phenological phase of the trees. Even though the tree trunk, the main branches and the flower buds are usually tolerant to even extremely low temperatures at dormancy period, flower buds can be damaged abnormally by low temperatures especially when the low temperatures occur after a warm period and/or when the temperatures are extremely low. In these cases, most of the flower buds can be damaged and anomalies may also occur in flowers that remain alive. In this study, the flower bud injuries and the flower structures were investigated in such a case occurred in in Kuluncak district of Malatya province in Türkiye in 2020-2021 winter season. The temperature was below -20°C for several times and mostly after a warm period. In order to investigate the impact of the related frosts on apricot trees, this study was carried out in 32 apricot orchards (9 for ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ cultivar and 23 for ‘Kabaaşı’ cultivar) located in the area. The results showed that the injury rate in the ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ orchards was between 94 and 100 %, while, it varied between 22 and 87 % in the ‘Kabaaşı’ orchards. In the surviving buds; petal, stamen and pistil were significantly shorter in both of the cultivars. The study clearly showed how serious winter frost damage can be and that necessary precautions must be taken especially when establishing orchards in the areas where winter frosts are prevalent.

References

  • Andiç, C. (1993). Tarımsal Ekoloji. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notları No: 106, Erzurum.
  • Anonymous. (2014). Sonuç raporu (Final report in Turkish). Ulusal Kayısı Çalıştayı (National Apricot Workshop), 18–19 Kasım 2014, Malatya. Retrieved from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/Belgeler/Duyurular/kayisimail.pdf (Accessed: 13.10.2024).
  • Bakos, J. L., Ladányi, M., & Szalay, L. (2024). Frost hardiness of flower buds of 16 apricot cultivars during dormancy. Folia Horticulturae, 36, 81-93.
  • Bartolini, S., Viti, R., & Zanol, G. (2004). The involvement of glutathione in flower bud dormancy overcoming in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). In R. Viti & G. Zanol (Eds.), Recent Research Developments in Agronomy and Horticulture (Vol. 1, pp. 11–28). Research Signpost Press, Kerala, India.
  • Erdem, E., Aşkın, M. A., & Sarısu, H. C. (2016). Kayısı ve kiraz çiçek tomurcukları üzerine kış donlarının etkileri. Meyve Bilimi, 3(1), 45–50.
  • FAO. (2024). Crops and livestock products. FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  • Güneş, N. T. (2006). Frost hardiness of some Turkish apricot cultivars during the bloom period. HortScience, 41(2).
  • Hajinal, V., Puskás, N., Ladányi, M., & Szalay, L. (2014). Evaluation of suitability for Hungarian conditions of American apricot cultivars based on frost hardiness and microsporogenesis. In Növénynemesítés a megújuló mezőgazdaságban (p. 175).
  • Istrate, M., Grădinariu, G., Dascălu, M., & Zlati, C. (2013). Study on the influence of climatic conditions during the rest period upon apricot trees fructification in the NE of Romania. Lucrări Științifice, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iași, Seria Horticultură, 56(1), 195–200.
  • Karlıdağ, H. (2011). Negative effects of extreme lowe temperatures on some fruit species. Türkiye VI. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, 444–447, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
  • Karlidag, H., & Ercisli, S. (2010). The influence of rootstocks on frost damage in apricot cvs. Kabaasi and Hacihaliloglu. Acta Horticulturae, 862, 313–316.
  • Korzin, V., Gorina, V., & Saplev, N. (2021). The effect of weather conditions in southern Russia on the frost resistance of apricot generative buds. Horticultural Science, 48(4), 158–165.
  • Muradoğlu, F., Kayakeser, U., & Başak, İ. (2022). Morphometric properties comparison of some Turkish and foreign apricot variety grown at high altitude. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2), 249-259.
  • Muradoğlu, F., Kırkaya, H., Batur, Ş., Pürlu, G., & Hasanov, M. (2025). The Stimulating Effect of Polyamine and Brassinolide on Sweet Cherry cv.‘0900 Ziraat’Pollen. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1), 36-43.
  • Perry, K. B. (2001). Frost/freeze protection for horticultural crops. Horticultural Information Leaflet 705, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, NC State University, Raleigh.
  • Rodrigo, J. (2000). Spring frosts in deciduous fruit trees: Morphological damage and flower hardiness. Scientia Horticulturae, 85(3), 155–173.
  • Szymajda, M., Pruski, K., Żurawicz, E., & Sitarek, M. (2013). Freezing injuries to flower buds and their influence on yield of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and peach (Prunus persica L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 93(2), 191–198.
  • TUİK. (2024). Fruits, beverages and spice plants. Plant Production Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr Access date: 13.10.2024.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pomology and Treatment
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hüseyin Karlıdağ 0000-0002-9317-8021

Fırat Ege Karaat 0000-0002-4676-0721

İbrahim Kutalmış Kutsal 0000-0002-9512-4289

Early Pub Date September 30, 2025
Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date December 3, 2024
Acceptance Date June 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Karlıdağ, H., Karaat, F. E., & Kutsal, İ. K. (2025). Structural Anomalies in Apricot Flower Buds Caused by Extreme Winter Frosts. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1595666
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Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences by Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.