USING SERUM BIOMARKERS FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 7 - 17, 30.01.2022

Merita Rumano Romina Meçaj

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) is an autoimune disease where the pancreas fails to insulin production. This is a cronic disorder observed mainly in young ages and is caused by an autoimune response against pancreatic β cells, leading to reduced levels or lack of insulin in circulation. There are different factors, such as genetic, epigenetic, immunologic and environmental factors, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes.
Clinical similarity to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the lack of clinical symptoms at the beginning of the disease, makes its diagnosis more difficult and this is one of the main reasons leading to late diagnosis of the disease. Monitoring specific parameters like C-peptide, HbA1c, fasting glucose and autoantibodies is of great importance in prediction and evaluation of individuals predisposed to develop diabetes mellitus type1.
Based on the importance of these autoimune markers for type 1 diabetes, the aim of our work, was to study the laboratory parameters related to the early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes as well as to evaluate the relationship between these parameters in a group of individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. After blood tests and data analysis, the results showed that the increase of positive autoantibodies affects the reduction of C-peptide levels, which means that pancreatic β cells have begun to lose their functionality, as a result of cell death which comes after the autoimmune attack. Based on these results we can say that low C-peptide levels and high blood glucose are an indicator of type 1 diabetes. A significant correlation between C-peptide level and age, as well as between high glicemic level and high triglicerides is present. High levels of urea and electrolite disbalance is observed. Taking into consideration these facts, clinical testing for the presence of specific serum biomarkers, helps in the early detection of the disease.

Keywords

diabetes mellitus 1, serum biomarkers, C-peptide, autoantibody

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