The impact of agricultural support, credit, and raw material trade on agricultural value added in Türkiye

Onur Şeyranlıoğlu

doi:10.20289/zfdergi.1509516

TR EN

Türkiye'de tarımsal destek, kredi ve hammadde ticaretinin tarımsal katma değer üzerindeki etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1988-2022 dönemine ait yıllık verileri kullanarak Türkiye'de tarımsal destek, kredi ve tarımsal hammadde ithalat ve ihracatının tarımsal katma değer üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada değişkenlerin durağanlık özellikleri ADF ve Fourier ADF birim kök testi kullanılarak sınanmıştır. Kurulan modeldeki uzun ve kısa dönemli ilişkiler ARDL sınır testi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Çalışmanın uzun dönem bulgularına göre tarımsal destek, tarımsal hammadde ithalatı ve ihracatındaki artışlar, tarımsal katma değeri artırmaktadır. Tarımsal krediler ise tarımsal katma değeri uzun dönemde negatif, kısa dönemde ise pozitif etkilemektedir. Uzun dönem bulgularında, tarımsal hammadde ihracatı dışındaki değişkenlerin katma değer üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Sonuç: Bu araştırma Türkiye'de tarımın yapısal sorunlarının tespiti açısından önemlidir. Bu çerçevede, tarımsal katma değeri artırdığı görülen tarımsal desteklerin ve tarımsal hammadde ithalatının artırılması, katma değeri azaltan tarımsal kredilerin kullanım alanlarının ve etkinliğinin sorgulanması politika önerileri olarak sunulabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarımsal kredi , tarımsal hammadde ihracatı , tarımsal hammadde ithalatı , tarımsal destek , tarımsal katma değer , ARDL sınır testi

The impact of agricultural support, credit, and raw material trade on agricultural value added in Türkiye

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of agricultural support, credit, and agricultural raw material imports and exports on agricultural value-added in Türkiye using annual data spanning 1988-2022. Material and Methods: In the study, the stationarity properties of the variables were tested using the ADF and the Fourier ADF unit root test. Long-term and short-term relationships in the established model were determined using the ARDL bounds test. Results: According to the long-run findings of the study, increases in agricultural support, agricultural raw material imports and exports increase agricultural value added. On the other hand, agricultural credits affect agricultural value added negatively in the long run and positively in the short run. In the long-run findings, the effect of variables other than agricultural raw material exports on value added is statistically significant. Conclusion: This research is important in determining the structural problems of agriculture in Türkiye. In this framework, increasing agricultural supports and imports of agricultural raw materials, which are seen to increase agricultural value added, and questioning the utilization areas and effectiveness of agricultural credits that reduce value added can be presented as policy recommendations.

Keywords

Agricultural credit , agricultural raw material export , agricultural raw material import , agricultural support , agricultural value added , ARDL bounds test

References

Akça, H. & H. Altuntaş, 2022. Tarımsal desteklerin tarımsal çıktı üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31 (2): 561-572. https: //doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1125443
Aktaş, E., M. Altıok & M. Songur, 2015. Farklı ülkelerdeki tarımsal destekleme politikalarının tarımsal üretim üzerine etkisinin karşılaştırılmalı analizi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (4): 55-74. https: //doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.08912
Akyol, M., 2018. Tarımsal teşviklerle tarımsal katma değer arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: yeni endüstrileşen ülkeler için panel eşanlı denklemler sistemi analizi, The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 3 (3): 226-236. https: //doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.456791
Anderson, K. & W. Martin, 2005. Agricultural trade reform and the Doha Development Agenda, World Economy, 28 (9): 1301-1327. https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00735.x
Bahşi, N. & E. Çetin, 2020. Determining of agricultural credit impact on agricultural production value in Turkey, Ciência Rural, 50 (11): 1-13. https: //doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200003
Bakari, S., 2019. Do agricultural raw materials imports cause agricultural growth? Empirical analysis from North Africa, Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 4 (2): 65-77. https: //doi.org/10.25229/beta.548479
Barrett, C. B., M. E. Bachke, M. F. Bellemare, H. C. Michelson, S. Narayanan & T. F. Walker, 2012. Smallholder participation in contract farming: comparative evidence from five countries, World Development, 40 (4): 715-730. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.006
Baylis, K., S. Peplow, G. Rausser & L. Simon, 2008. Agri-environmental policies in the EU and United States: a comparison, Ecological Economics, 65 (4): 753-764. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.034
Becker, R., W. Enders & J. Lee, 2006. A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27 (3): 381-409. https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00478.x
Becker, R., W. Enders & S. Hurn, 2004. A general test for time dependence in parameters, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19 (7): 899-906. https: //doi.org/10.1002/jae.751

Binswanger, H. P. & S. R. Khandker, 1995. The impact of formal finance on the rural economy of India, The Journal of Development Studies, 32 (2): 234-262. https: //doi.org/10.1080/00220389508422413
Bresciani, F. & A. Valdés, 2007. Beyond Food Production: The Role of Agriculture in Poverty Reduction. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 232 pp.
Carter, M. R., 1989. The impact of credit on peasant productivity and differentiation in Nicaragua, Journal of Development Economics, 31 (1): 13-36. https: //doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878 (89)90029-1
Chen, Y. & Y. Zhang, 2023. Services development, technological innovation, and the embedded location of the agricultural global value chain, Sustainability, 15 (3): 2673. https: //doi.org/10.3390/su15032673
Chisasa, J. & D. Makina, 2015. Bank credit and agricultural output in South Africa: cointegration, short run dynamics and causality, Journal of Applied Business Research, 31 (2): 489-500. https: //doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i2.9148
Christopoulos, D. K. & M. A. León-Ledesma, 2010. Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29 (6): 1076-1093. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.02.003
Coltrain, D., D. Barton & M. Boland, 2000. Value added: opportunities and strategies. (Web page: http: //www.agmanager.info/sites/default/files/VALADD10%25202col.pdf ) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
Conning, J. & C. Udry, 2007. Rural financial markets in developing countries, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 3: 2857-2908. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072 (06)03056-8
De Gorter, H. & J. Swinnen, 2002. Political economy of agricultural policy, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 2: 1893-1943. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072 (02)10023-5
Dickey, D. A. & W. A. Fuller, 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74 (366): 427–431. https: //doi.org/10.2307/2286348
Dickey, D. A. & W. A. Fuller, 1981. Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49 (4): 1057-1072. https: //doi.org/10.2307/1912517
Domagała, J., 2021. Economic and environmental aspects of agriculture in the EU countries, Energies, 14 (22): 7826. https: //doi.org/10.3390/en14227826
Dorward, A., 2013. Agricultural labour productivity, food prices and sustainable development impacts and indicators, Food Policy, 39: 40-50. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.12.003
Elfira, E., V. Silvia & M. Nasir, 2022. The effect of farmer's export, import, and exchange rate on value-added of agricultural sector in Aceh province, Indonesia, International Journal of Finance, Economics and Business, 1 (2): 91-102. https: //doi.org/10.56225/ijfeb.v1i2.24
Fan, S., A. Gulati & S. Thorat, 2008. Investment, subsidies, and pro‐poor growth in rural India. Agricultural Economics, 39 (2): 163-170. https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00328.x
Feder, G., L. J. Lau, J. Y. Lin & X. Luo, 1990. The relationship between credit and productivity in Chinese agriculture: a microeconomic model of disequilibrium, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72 (5): 1151-1157. https: //doi.org/10.2307/1242524
Filiz, O. N., 1983. Tarımsal destekleme politikalarının ekonomiye etkisi. (Web page: https: //www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Tarimsal-Destekleme-Politikalarinin-Ekonomiye-Etkisi_Osman-Nuri-Filiz.pdf ) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2009. How to feed the world in 2050. (Web page: https: //www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf (Date accessed: 12.04.2024).
Gezer, T. & M. A. Gezer, 2022. Tarımsal destek ve kredilerin tarımsal üretim üzerindeki etkinliği, Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9 (4): 1102-1113. https: //doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1151057
Gollin, D., S. Parente & R. Rogerson, 2002. The role of agriculture in development, American Economic Review, 92 (2): 160-164. https: //doi.org/10.1257/000282802320189177 Gujarati, D. N. & D. C. Porter, 1999. Basic Econometrics. McGraw Hill Inc, 946 pp.
Igberi, C. O., T. K. Taylor, P. C. Omoke, K. O. Ahamba & C. O. Urom, 2020. Do agricultural support policies work in Nigeria? Evidence from an ARDL Model, Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 41 (3): 15-33.
Iqbal, M., M. Ahmad & K. Abbas, 2003. The impact of institutional credit on agricultural production in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review, 42 (4): 469-485.
Johnston, B. F. & J. W. Mellor, 1961. The role of agriculture in economic development, The American Economic Review, 51 (4): 566-593.
Kaya, E. & E. Kadanalı, 2022. The nexus between agricultural production and agricultural loans for banking sector groups in Turkey, Agricultural Finance Review, 82 (1): 151-168. https: //doi.org/10.1108/AFR-09-2020-0149
Koç, A. A., T. E. Yu, T. Kıymaz & B. P. Sharma, 2019. Effects of government supports and credits on Turkish agriculture: a spatial panel analysis, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 9 (4): 391-401. https: //doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-11-2018-0164
Lambert, D.K., S. H. Lim., K. Tweeten, F. L. Leistritz, W. W. Wilson, G.J. McKee, W. E. Nganje, C. S. DeVuyst & D. M. Saxowsky, 2006. An overview of agricultural value added in agricultural value added: prospects for North Dakota. (Web page: https: //core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6429838.pdf) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
Lankoski, J. & M. Ollikainen, 2003. Agri‐environmental externalities: a framework for designing targeted policies, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 30 (1): 51–75. https: //doi.org/10.1093/erae/30.1.51
Narayan, P. & R. Smyth, 2005. Trade liberalization and economic growth in Fiji. An empirical assessment using the ardl approach, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10 (1): 96-115. https: //doi.org/10.1080/1354786042000309099
Nugroho, A. D., P. R. Bhagat, R. Magda & Z. Lakner, 2021. The impacts of economic globalization on agricultural value added in developing countries, PloS One, 16 (11): e0260043. https: //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260043
Nuryartono, N., 2007. Credit rationing of farm households and agricultural production: empirical evidence in the rural areas of central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis, 4 (1): 15-21. https: //doi.org/10.17358/jma.4.1.15-21
Oğul, B. (2022). Türkiye’de tarımsal krediler ve tarımsal üretim ilişkisi: zaman serisi analizi, Nazilli İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (1): 20-27.
Özdemir, D. 2024. Reconsidering agricultural credits and agricultural production nexus from a global perspective, Food and Energy Security, 13 (1): e504. https: //doi.org/10.1002/fes3.504
Özşahin, Ş. & C. Güven, 2023. Tarım destekleri ve hükümet istikrarının tarımsal katma değer üzerine etkisi: gelişmekte olan ülkeler için panel veri analizi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (4): 791-805. https: //doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1272944
Ozşahin, Ş., E. Akbal & Ş. Koç, 2023. An examination of the relationship between agricultural value added and agricultural supports with panel simultaneous equation systems, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 11 (8): 1317-1323. https: //doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i8.1317-1323.5926
Perron, P., 1989. The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 57 (6): 1361-1401. https: //doi.org/10.2307/1913712
Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin & R. J. Smith, 2001. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3): 289-326. https: //doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Popescu, A., 2013. Considerations on utilized agricultural land and farm structure in the European Union, Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 13 (4): 221-226.
Reyes, M. D., S. B. Shumway & C. S. Tong, 2023. Impact of access to agricultural credit on agricultural productivity in Iowa, USA, Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, 7 (1): 1-11. https: //doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5172
Saleem, M. A. & F. A. Jan, 2011. The impact of agricultural credit on agricultural productivity in Dera Ismail Khan (district) Khyber Pakhtonkhawa Pakistan, European Journal of Business and Management, 3 (2): 38-44.
Sansika, N., R. Sandumini, C. Kariyawasam, T. Bandara, K. Wisenthige & R. Jayathilaka, 2023. Impact of economic globalisation on value-added agriculture, globally. PLoS One, 18 (7): e0289128. https: //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289128
Sarris, A. H., T. Doucha & E. Mathijs, 1999. Agricultural restructuring in central and eastern Europe: implications for competitiveness and rural development, European review of agricultural economics, 26 (3): 305-329. https: //doi.org/10.1093/erae/26.3.305
Şaşmaz, M. Ü. & Ö. Özel, 2019. Tarım sektörüne sağlanan mali teşviklerin tarım sektörü gelişimi üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61: 50-65.
Swinnen, J. F. & L. Vranken, 2010. Reforms and agricultural productivity in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics: 1989–2005, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 33: 241-258. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11123-009-0162-6
Swinnen, J. F., 2010. The political economy of agricultural and food policies: recent contributions, new insights, and areas for further research, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32 (1): 33-58. https: //doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppp012
Tarı, R., 2010. Ekonometri (6th Edition). İstanbul, Umuttepe Publications, 534 pp.
Timmer, C. P., 2002. Agriculture and economic development, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 1 (2): 1487-1546. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072 (02)10011-9
Tümen, S. & G. Özertan, 2020. Katma değerin artırılması, inovasyon ve dijital tarım. (Web page: https: //www.researchgate.net/publication/339738438_KATMA_DEGERIN_ARTIRILMASI_INOVASYON_VE_DIJITAL_TARIM ) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
Udoka, C. O., D. O. Mbat & S. B. Duke, 2016. The effect of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural production in Nigeria, Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4 (1): 1-10. https: //doi.org/10.12691/jfa-4-1-1
Valdés, A. & W. Foster, 2010. Reflections on the role of agriculture in pro-poor growth, World Development, 38 (10): 1362-1374. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.003
Wickramasinghe, G. A. U., 2017. Fostering productivity in the rural and agricultural sector for inclusive growth in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 24 (2): 1-22. https: //doi.org/10.18356/f85ba82d-en
World Bank, 2008. World development report 2008: agriculture for development. (Web page: https: //documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/587251468175472382/pdf/41455optmzd0PA18082136807701PUBLIC1.pdf) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
World Trade Organization (WTO), 2014. World trade report 2014: market access for products and services of export interest for least developed countries. (Web page: https: //www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/world_trade_report14_e.pdf) (Date accessed: 10.04.2024).
Zeller, M. & M. Sharma, 2000. Many borrow, more save, and all insure: implications for food and micro-finance policy, Food policy, 25 (2): 143-167. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192 (99)00065-2

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Economics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Onur Şeyranlıoğlu ^*
0000-0002-1105-4034
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 17, 2025

Publication Date

September 18, 2025

Submission Date

July 3, 2024

Acceptance Date

February 23, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 62 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1509516

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA38MT55YC

APA

Şeyranlıoğlu, O. (2025). The impact of agricultural support, credit, and raw material trade on agricultural value added in Türkiye. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 62(3), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1509516

Cited By

Agricultural Total Factor Productivity in Türkiye: An ARDL Analysis of Macro-Institutional Drivers

İnsan ve İnsan

https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.1793544