Water footprint and blue-green infrastructure as a tool in urban water management

Year 2021, , 145 - 162, 31.03.2021

Rukiye Gizem Öztaş Karlı , Mustafa Artar

https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.851375

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Objective: Cities have dynamic structures consisting of natural (blue and green) and man-made (gray) components. These accumulated instruments over time shape the urban form and affect the behavior of individuals and interaction between blue, green and gray elements decreases with an increasing in density and unplanned urbanization. In this context, the objective of this paper was to emphasize that water footprint and blue-green infrastructure approaches in the urban water management process are important parts of macro and micro scale urban development strategies.
Material and Methods: This study is based on the literature review method, and the water footprint and blue-green infrastructure approaches are presented within a theoretical framework including the roles of these approaches as tools in urban water management are discussed.
Conclusion: The common goal of water footprint and blue-green infrastructure approaches is improvement water quality and management. In all this process, it can be said that water footprint and blue-green infrastructure approaches in urban water management are important parts of macro and micro scale urban development strategies. In this study, the importance of using these approaches as a tool in urban water management is revealed by using existing case studies and strategies.

Keywords

Blue-Green Infrastructure, Landscape, Planning, Water Footprint, Water Management

Kentsel su yönetiminde araç olarak su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı

Abstract

Amaç: Kentler, doğal (mavi ve yeşil) ve insan yapımı (gri) unsurlardan meydana gelen dinamik bir yapıya sahiptir. Zamanla biriken bu unsurlar, kentsel formu şekillendirmekte ve bireylerin davranışlarını etkilemektedir. Yoğunluğun artması ve plansız kentleşme ile mavi, yeşil ve gri unsurlar arasında etkileşim azalmaktadır. Bu bağlamda makalenin amacı, kentsel su yönetimi sürecinde su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı yaklaşımlarının makro ve mikro ölçekte kentsel gelişim stratejilerinin önemli bir parçası olduğunu vurgulamaktır.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma literatür taraması yöntemine dayanmakta olup, çalışmada su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı yaklaşımları kuramsal bir çerçeve kapsamında sunulmakta ve kentsel su yönetiminde araç olarak bu yaklaşımların rolleri ele alınmaktadır.
Sonuç: Su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı yaklaşımlarının ortak amacı su kalitesini iyileştirmek ve yönetmektir. Tüm bu süreçte kentsel su yönetiminde su ayak izi ve mavi-yeşil altyapı yaklaşımlarının makro ve mikro ölçekte kentsel gelişim stratejilerinin önemli bir parçası olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmada bu yaklaşımların kentsel su yönetiminde araç olarak kullanımının önemi var olan örnek çalışmalar ve stratejiler üzerinden ortaya konulmaktadır.

Keywords

Mavi-Yeşil Altyapı, Peyzaj, Planlama, Su Ayak İzi, Su Yönetimi

References

• Aldaya, M. M., Martínez-Santos, P. ve Llamas, M. R. 2010. Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: Reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region, Spain. Water Resources Management, 24(5), 941-958.
• American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), American Rivers (AR), The Water Environment Federation (WEF), and Econorthwest. 2012. Banking on green: A look at how green ınfrastructure can save municipalities money and provide economic benefits community-wide report. https://www.americanrivers.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/banking-on-green-report.pdf . Erişim: Ekim 2020
• Avrupa Komisyonu. 2012. A blueprint to safeguard Europe’s water resources. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0673. Erişim: Kasım 2020.
• Avrupa Komisyonu. 2013. Green infrastructure (GI) – enhancing Europe’s natural capital. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52013DC0249. Erişim: Eylül 2020
• Benedict, M. A. ve McMahon, E. T. 2012. Green İnfrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. Island Press.
• Berland, A., Shiflett, S. A. Shuster, W. D., Garmestani, A. S., Goddard, H. C., Herrmann, D. L. ve Hopton, M. E. 2017. The role of trees in urban stormwater management. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162, 167-177.
• Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı. 2009. Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human well-being. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7762. Erişim: Eylül 2020.
• Brears, R. C. 2018a. From traditional grey infrastructure to blue-green infrastructure. In Blue and Green Cities, Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 1-41.
• Brears R.C. 2018b. Blue-Green Infrastructure in Managing Urban Water Resources. In: Blue and Green Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 43-61
• Cisneros, J.B.E., Arnell, T. O., Benito, N. W., Cogley, G., Döll, J. G., ... ve Hock, R. 2014. Freshwater resources. Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap3_FINAL.pdf Erişim: Kasım 2020
• City of Chicago. 2014. City of Chicago green stormwater ınfrastructure strategy. https://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/progs/env/ChicagoGreenStormwaterInfrastructureStrategy.pdf. Erişim: Ekim 2020.
• Cruijsen, A. C. 2015. Design opportunities for flash flood reduction by improving the quality of the living environment: A Hoboken City case study of environmental driven urban water management. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Af433a5ce-8249-4976-a43f-a741b4ce2bf9 Erişim: Eylül 2020.
• Csete, A. K. ve Gulyas, A. 2019. Investigating the role of green infrastructure in sustainable urban water management, a case study in Szeged. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 14(2), 483-494.
• Dietz, M. E. 2007. Low impact development practices: A review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 186(1-4), 351-363.
• Driscoll, C. T., Eger, C. G., Chandler, D. G., Davidson, C. I., Roodsari, B. K., Flynn, C. D., Lambert, K. F., Bettez, N. D. ve Groffman, P. M. 2015. Green ınfrastructure: lessons from science and practice. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280567737_Green_Infrastructure_Lessons_from_Science_and_Practice Erişim: Kasım 2020.
• Drosou, N., Soetanto, R., Hermawan, F., Chmutina, K., Bosher, L.ve Hatmoko, J. U. D. 2019. Key factors influencing wider adoption of blue–green infrastructure in developing cities. Water, 11(6), 1234.
• Fialkiewicz, W., Burszta-Adamiak, E., Malinowski, P., Kolonko, A. 2013. Urban Water Footprint—System monitorowania i oceny gospodarowania wodą w miastach. Ochrona Środowiska, 35, 9–12. (In Polish)
• Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., ... ve Mikkelsen, P. S. 2015. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more–The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525-542.
• Foster, J., Lowe, A. ve Winkelman, S. 2011. The value of green ınfrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center for Clean Air Policy, 750. Frantzeskaki, N. 2019. Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 101-111.
• Ghofrani, Z., Sposito, V. ve Faggian, R. 2017. A comprehensive review of blue-green infrastructure concepts. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 6(1), 15-36.
• Gobin, A., Kersebaum, K.C., Eitzinger, J., Trnka, M., Hlavinka, P., Kroes, J., Takac, J., Ventrella, D., Natali, F., Dallamarta, A. 2017. Variability in the water footprint of arable crop production across European regions. Water, 9, 93.
• Haase, D. 2015. Reflections about blue ecosystem services in cities. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 5, 77-83.
• Haidu, I. ve Ivan, K. 2016. The assessment of the impact induced by the increase of impervious areas on surface runoff. Case study the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 11(2), 331-337.
• Hoekstra, A. Y. ve Chapagain, A. K. 2006. Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. In Integrated assessment of water resources and global change, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 35-48.
• Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M., Mekonnen, M.M. 2011. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual, Setting the Global Standard; Earthscan: London, UK, 2011, pp 228.
• Hoff, H., Döll, P., Fader, M., Gerten, D., Hauser, S., Siebert, S. 2013. Water footprints of cities; indicators for sustainable consumption and production. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10, 2601–2639.
• Jha, A. K., Bloch, R. ve Lamond, J. 2012. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for The 21st Century. The World Bank.
• Kaylı, A. ve Gölbey, A. G. G. 2020. Yeşil altyapı ve yeşil bina bileşeni olarak kurakçıl peyzaj uygulamaları. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.,140-150.
• Kolcsár, R. A. ve Szilassi, P. 2018. Assessing accessibility of urban green spaces based on isochrone maps and street resolution population data through the example of Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 31-36.
• Kuehler, E., Hathaway, J. ve Tirpak, A. 2017. Quantifying the benefits of urban forest systems as a component of the green infrastructure stormwater treatment network. Ecohydrology, 10(3), 1813.
• Landscape Institute. 2013. Green infrastructure: an integrated approach to land use. https://www.landscapeinstitute.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/03/Green-Infrastructure_an-integrated-approach-to-landuse. pdf. Erişim: Eylül 2020.
• Maes, J., Barbosa, A., Baranzelli, C., Zulian, G., e Silva, F. B., Vandecasteele, I., ... ve Jacobs-Crisioni, C. 2015. More green infrastructure is required to maintain ecosystem services under current trends in land-use change in Europe. Landscape ecology, 30(3), 517-534.
• Mekonnen, M. M. ve Hoekstra, A. Y. 2011. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 1577–1600
• Nascimento, N., Vinçon-Leite, B., De Gouvello, B., Gutierrez, L., Granceri, M., Silva, T. ve Costa, H. 2016. Green blue infrastructure at metropolitan scale: a water sustainability approach in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Novatech 2016, 2016, Lyon, France.
• Paterson, W., Rushforth, R., Ruddell, B.L., Konar, M., Ahams, I.C., Gironás, J., Mijic, A. ve Mejia, A. 2015. Water footprint of cities: A review and suggestions for future research. Sustainability, 7, 8461–8490
• Öztaş Karlı, R.G. 2020. Su ayak izi nedir?, Su ve Ürünleri Araştırma Dinamikleri (Ed. İ. Cengizler), İKSAD, 85-109.
• Öztaş, R.G. ve Çelikyay, H.S. 2018. Alternative indicator on water management in planning: water footprint, V. International Multidisciplinary Congress Of Eurasia, Barcelona, İspanya.
• Parlak E. ve Atik M. 2020. Dünyadan ve ülkemizden mavi-yeşil altyapı uygulamaları, PEYZAJ - Eğitim, Bilim, Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi, 2(2), 86-100
• Pötz, H., Bleuze, P., Sjauw En Wa, A. ve Baar, T. V. 2012. Groenblauwe netwerken voor duurzame en dynamische steden= Urban green-blue grids for sustainable and dynamic cities. Delft: Coop for life. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/hydrotheek/1993795 Erişim: Kasım 2020.
• Resmi Gazete. 2017. Yağmursuyu toplama, depolama ve deşarj sistemleri hakkında yönetmelik https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170623-8.htm. Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• Romnée, A., Evrard, A. ve Trachte, S. 2015. Methodology for a stormwater sensitive urban watershed design. Journal of Hydrology, 530, 87-102.
• Rozos, E., Makropoulos, C. ve Maksimović, Č. 2013. Rethinking urban areas: an example of an integrated blue-green approach. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(6), 1534-1542.
• Schyns, J.F., Hamaideh, A., Hoekstra, A.Y., Mekonnen, M.M. ve Schyns, M. 2015. Mitigating the risk of extreme water scarcity and dependency: The case of Jordan. Water, 7, 5705–5730.
• T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2019. On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). Ankara. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/OnbirinciKalkinmaPlani.pdf Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• TC. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2012. Türkiye’nin İklim Değişikliği Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı 2011-2023. Ankara. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/uyum_stratejisi_eylem_plani_TR.pdf Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• TC. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2017. Şehircilik Şûrası Komisyon Raporları. Ankara. https://sehirciliksurasi.csb.gov.tr/ Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• TC. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2018. Yağmur Bahçesi Hazırlama Kılavuzu. Ankara. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/haberler/yagmur-bahces-_230718-20180724082855.pdf Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• TC. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2019. 2020-2023 Ulusal Akıllı Şehirler Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı. Ankara. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/EylemPlani.pdf Erişim: Aralık 2020.
• TUSIAD. 2008. Türkiye’de Su Yönetimi: Sorunlar ve Öneriler. Ersis: Istanbul.
• Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J. ve James, P. 2007. Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and urban planning, 81(3), 167-178.
• Ulian, G., Cartes, I. ve Lima, M. M. C. L. 2017. Water management assessment methodology for urban planning. Revista Ambiente & Água, 12(1), 33-46.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency, (US EPA). 2007. Reducing Stormwater Costs through Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies and Practices. Report No. EPA 841-F-07-006. Washington, D.C. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/2008_01_02_nps_lid_costs07uments_reducingstormwatercosts-2.pdf Erişim: Ekim 2020.
• Vanham, D. ve Bidoglio, G. 2014. The water footprint of Milan. Water Science and Technology, 69, 789–795.
• Wagner, I., Krauze, K. ve Zalewski, M. 2013. Blue aspects of green infrastructure. Sustainable Development Applications, 4, 145-155.
• Wang, Z., Huang, K., Yang, S., Yu, Y. 2013. An input–output approach to evaluate the water footprint and virtual water trade of Beijing, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 172–179.
• WFN. 2020. What is a water footprint? https://waterfootprint.org/en/water-footprint/what-is-water-footprint/ Erişim: Ekim 2020.
• Wise, S. 2008. Green infrastructure rising. Planning, 74(8), 14-19.
• WWF. 2014. Türkiye’nin su ayak izi raporu: Su, üretim ve uluslararası ticaret ilişkisi. http://d2hawiim0tjbd8.cloudfront.net/downloads/su_ayak_izi_raporweb.pdf Erişim: Ekim 2020.
• Zhao, R., He, H. ve Zhang, N. 2015. Regional water footprint assessment: A case study of leshan city. Sustainability, 7, 16532–16547.