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Effects of Olive Mill Wastes on Runoff, Soil Loss, Drainage, pH and EC in a Loamy Textured Soil

Year 2015, Volume: 52 Issue: 3, 243 - 248, 24.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.20289/euzfd.78184

Abstract

Soil, one of the most important natural resources for human life is lost by erosion. To reduce soil loss, various techniques have been developed. One of these techniques is to apply a variety of organic materials in soils. In this study, a loamy soil sample passed throught 8 mm sieve was placed into erosion pans which have a drain pipe and sized as 30x45x15 cm. Olive mill waste was applied to erosion pans at 4 different doses (0, 10, 20 and 40 t/ha) by 2 different methods (unmixed, and mixed). Artificial rainfall with different intensities (30, 60 and 90 mm/h) were applied on these pans. Soil reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) values of experimental soils and drained waters were measured. The results indicated that, runoff and soil loss from the erosion pans were decreased and drainage increased significantly by application of olive mill waste. Olive mill waste also effected on pH and EC significantly. It was found that surface applied organic material was more effective than mixed applied organic material on erosion.

References

  • Akalan, İ. 1967. Toprak Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Erozyon. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yıllığı. (3-4): 490-503.
  • Akalan, İ. 1974. Toprak ve Su Muhafazası. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 532, Ankara.
  • Altınbaş, Ü., H. Hakerlerler, İ. Yokaş ve H. Uysal. 1990. Menemen uygulamalı ziraat fakültesi çiftliği topraklarının toprak verimliliği ve arazi kullanım yetenek sınıfları üzerine araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu, Proje No: 88-ZRF-05.
  • Anonymous, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook No: 18. United States Goverment Print Office, Washington.
  • Anonymous, 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States of Department of Agricultural Natural Resorcues Conservation Service, Washington.
  • Anonymous, 1999. SPSS 9 for Windows User’s Guide. Copyright 1999 by SPSS Incoorparation SPSS, Chicago, IL.
  • Ben Hur, M. and R. Keren. 1997. Polymer effects on water infiltration and soil agregation. Soil Science of Society American Journal, 61: 565-570.
  • Bubenzer, G.D. and L.D. Meyer. 1965. Simulation of rainfall and soils for laboratory research. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 8: 73-75.
  • Candemir, F. and C. Gülser. 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes in clay and loamy sand fields. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42 (1):13-28.
  • Chartzoulakis, K., G. Psarnas, M. Moutsopoulou and E. Stefanoudaki. 2010. Application of olive mill wastewater to a Creatan olive orchard: Effects on soil properties, plant performance and the environment. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 138 (3-4): 293-298.
  • DMİ, 2013. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il- ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
  • Donjadee, S. and C. Chinnarasri. 2013. Vetifer grass mulch for prevention of runoff and soil loss. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water Management, 166 (3): 144-151.
  • Garcia-Lozano, B., L. Alcantara-Parras and M.T. de Albarnoz- Carrillo. 2011. Effects of oil mill wastes on surface soil properties, runoff and soil losses in tradional olive groves in southern Spain. Catena, 85: 187-193.
  • Gardner, W.H. 1986. Methots of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 493-544, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Gee, G.W. and J.V. Bauder. 1986. Particle Size Analysis, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 383-411, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Grismer, M.E. and M.P. Hogan. 2005. Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin: 3. Soil treatment effects. Land Degradation & Development, 16(5): 489-501.
  • Hunt, N. and R. Gilkes. 1992. Farm Monitoring Handbook. The University of Western Australia: Netherlands, WA.
  • Jordan, A., L.M. Zavala and J.Gil. 2010. Effects of mulching on soil phsical properties and runoff under semi arid conditions in southern Spain. Catena, 81(1): 77-85.
  • Kavvadias, V., M.K. Doula, K. Komnitsas and N. Liakopoulou. 2010. Disposal of olive oil mill wastes in evaporation ponds: Effects on soil properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182(1- 3): 144-155.
  • Kempler, W.D. and R.C. Rosenau. 1986. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In A. Klute et al., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Minerological Methods, 425-442, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Monograph. Soil Science of America, Madison, USA.
  • Lacey, S.T. 2000. Runoff and sediment attenuation by undisturbed and lightly disturbed forest buffers. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 122(1-2): 121-138.
  • Lal, R. 1988. Soil Erosion Research Methods. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa.
  • Liu, Y., Y. Tao, K.Y. Wan, G.S. Zhang, D.B. Liu, G.Y. Xiong and F. Chen. 2012. Runoff and nutrient losses in citrus orchards on sloping land subjected to different surface mulching practices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China. Agricultural Water Management, 110: 34-40.
  • Middleton, H.E. 1930. Properties of Soil Which Influence Soil Erosion. United States of Depertment of Agricultural Technician Bultenin. No: 178.
  • Mollenhauer, W.C. and D.C. Long. 1964. Influence of rainfall energy on soil loss and infiltration rates: I. Effects over a range of texture. Soil Science of Society American Processing Book, 28: 813-817.
  • Neal, J.H. 1938. The Effect of The Degree of Slope and Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff and Soil Erosion. Agricultural of Experiments of Strategies Research Bultenin, No: 280.
  • Nektarios, P.A., N. Ntoulas, S. Mc Elroy, M. Volterrani and G. Arbis. 2011. Effect of olive mill compost on native soil characteristics and tall festuca turf grass development. Agronomy Journal, 103(5): 1524-1531.
  • Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition. No:9, 181-197, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. No:9, 539-579, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Ntoulas, N., P.A. Nektarios and G. Gogoula. 2011. Evaluation of olive mill waste compost as a soil amendment for Cynodon dactlyon turf establishment, growth an anchorage. Hortscience, 46(6): 937-945.
  • Nyakatawa, E.Z., D.A. Mays, H.R. Howard, N.G. Svendsen, R. Britton and R.O. Pacumbaba. 2010. Runoff and sediment transport from compost mulch berms on a simulated military training landscape. Soil & Sediment Contamination. 19(3): 307- 321.
  • Okeyo, A.L., M. Mucheru-Muna. J. Mugwe. K.F. Ngetich. D.N. Mugendi. J. Diels and C.A. Shisanya. 2014. Effects of selected soil and water conservation Technologies on nutrient losses and maize yields in the central highlands of Kenya. Agricultural Water Management, 137: 52-58.
  • Pansu, M. and J. Gautheyroux. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diognosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook 60. United States of Goverment Print Office, Washington.
  • Shipitalo, M.J. and J.V. Bonta. 2008. Impact of using paper mill sludge for surface mine reclamation on runoff water quality and plant growth. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(6): 2351- 2359.
  • Taysun, A. 1986. Gediz Havzasında Rendzina Tarım Topraklarında Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Yardımıyla Taşlar, Bitki Artıkları ve Polivinilalkolün (PVA) Toprak Özellikleri ile Birlikte Erozyona Etkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın No: 474.
  • Taysun, A. 1989. Toprak ve Su Korunumu. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Teksir No: 92-III, Bornova.
  • Tezcan, C. 1992. Farklı Özellikteki Topraklara Sürülerek Karıştırılan Farklı Miktarlardaki Bitki Artıklarının Laboratuvar Koşullarında Erozyona Etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bornova.
  • Tuncay, H. 1994. Toprak Fiziği. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Teksir No: 28, Bornova, İZMİR.
  • Uysal, H., G. Yönter and G. Yolcu. 2012. The effects of valonia oaks residues on runoff, soil loss and infiltration under laboratory conditions. 8th International Soil Science Congress on “Land Degradation and Challenges in Sustainable Soil Management”. Proceedings Book, 4: 500-503. (Poster Bildirisi). 15-17 May 2012, Çeşme-İZMİR.
  • Warrington, D., I. Shainberg and G.J. Levy. 1991. Polysaccharide and salt effect on infiltration and erosion. A rainfall simulation study. Tech-A Cooperating Journal, Catena, 4:1.
  • Won, C.H., Y.H. Choi, M.H. Shin, K.J. Lim and J.D. Choi. 2012. Effects of rice straw mats on runoff and sediment discharge in a laboratory rainfall simulation. Geoderma, 189: 164-169.
  • Yönter, G. and A. Taysun. 2004. Farklı çaplardaki taş örtü oranlarının yapay yağmurlayıcı koşulları altında su erozyonuna etkisi, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3): 185-196.
  • Yönter, G. and H. Uysal. 2007. Menemen Uygulama Çiftliği Topraklarında Laboratuvar Koşulları Altında Uygulanan Polivinilalkol (PVA) ve Poliakrilamid’in (PAM) Su Erozyonu ve Kaymak Tabakası Dirençleri Üzerine Etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Kesin Raporu, Proje No: 2005-ZRF- 056.
  • Yönter, G. 2010. Effects of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as soil conditioners on erosion by runoff and by splash under laboratory conditions. EKOLOJİ, 19(77): 35-41.
  • Yönter, G. ve H. Uysal. 2014. Farklı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özelliklere Sahip Typic Xerofluvent Topraklara Uygulanan Doğal Katkı Maddelerinin Laboratuvar Koşullarında Yüzey Akış, Toprak Kaybı ve İnfiltrasyon Üzerine Etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Kesin Raporu, Proje No: 2012-ZRF-017.

Zeytin Atığının Tınlı Bünyeli Bir Toprakta Yüzey Akış, Toprak Kaybı, Drenaj, pH ve EC Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2015, Volume: 52 Issue: 3, 243 - 248, 24.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.20289/euzfd.78184

Abstract

İnsan yaşamının en önemli doğal kaynaklarından biri olan toprak, erozyonla kaybolmaktadır. Toprak kayıplarını azaltmak için çeşitli teknikler geliştirilmektedir. Bu tekniklerden biri de topraklara çeşitli organik materyalleri uygulamaktır. Bu araştırmada, 30x45x15 cm boyutlu ve altında drenaj borusu olan erozyon parseline, 8 mm’den elenmiş tınlı bünyeli toprak örneği
yerleştirilmiş ve zeytin atıığı dört farklı doz (0, 10, 20 ve 40 t/ha) ve iki farklı yöntemle (serme ve karıştırma) uygulanmıştır. Parsellere 30, 60 ve 90 mm/saat yoğunluklarda yapay yağışlar uygulanmıştır. Deneme konusu toprak örneklerinde ve drene olan sularda pH ve elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yağış uygulamalarından sonra elde edilen yüzey akış, toprak kaybı ve drenaj miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; zeytin atığı yüzey akışı ve toprak kayıplarını önemli düzeylerde azaltırken, drenajı önemli düzeylerde arttırmıştır. Ayrıca zeytin atığı, pH ve EC üzerinde de önemli düzeylerde etkili olmuştur. Sererek uygulanan organik materyal, denemede karıştırma yapılarak uygulanan organik materyalden daha etkili bulunmuştur.

References

  • Akalan, İ. 1967. Toprak Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Erozyon. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yıllığı. (3-4): 490-503.
  • Akalan, İ. 1974. Toprak ve Su Muhafazası. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 532, Ankara.
  • Altınbaş, Ü., H. Hakerlerler, İ. Yokaş ve H. Uysal. 1990. Menemen uygulamalı ziraat fakültesi çiftliği topraklarının toprak verimliliği ve arazi kullanım yetenek sınıfları üzerine araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu, Proje No: 88-ZRF-05.
  • Anonymous, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook No: 18. United States Goverment Print Office, Washington.
  • Anonymous, 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States of Department of Agricultural Natural Resorcues Conservation Service, Washington.
  • Anonymous, 1999. SPSS 9 for Windows User’s Guide. Copyright 1999 by SPSS Incoorparation SPSS, Chicago, IL.
  • Ben Hur, M. and R. Keren. 1997. Polymer effects on water infiltration and soil agregation. Soil Science of Society American Journal, 61: 565-570.
  • Bubenzer, G.D. and L.D. Meyer. 1965. Simulation of rainfall and soils for laboratory research. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 8: 73-75.
  • Candemir, F. and C. Gülser. 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes in clay and loamy sand fields. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42 (1):13-28.
  • Chartzoulakis, K., G. Psarnas, M. Moutsopoulou and E. Stefanoudaki. 2010. Application of olive mill wastewater to a Creatan olive orchard: Effects on soil properties, plant performance and the environment. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 138 (3-4): 293-298.
  • DMİ, 2013. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il- ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
  • Donjadee, S. and C. Chinnarasri. 2013. Vetifer grass mulch for prevention of runoff and soil loss. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water Management, 166 (3): 144-151.
  • Garcia-Lozano, B., L. Alcantara-Parras and M.T. de Albarnoz- Carrillo. 2011. Effects of oil mill wastes on surface soil properties, runoff and soil losses in tradional olive groves in southern Spain. Catena, 85: 187-193.
  • Gardner, W.H. 1986. Methots of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 493-544, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Gee, G.W. and J.V. Bauder. 1986. Particle Size Analysis, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 383-411, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Grismer, M.E. and M.P. Hogan. 2005. Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin: 3. Soil treatment effects. Land Degradation & Development, 16(5): 489-501.
  • Hunt, N. and R. Gilkes. 1992. Farm Monitoring Handbook. The University of Western Australia: Netherlands, WA.
  • Jordan, A., L.M. Zavala and J.Gil. 2010. Effects of mulching on soil phsical properties and runoff under semi arid conditions in southern Spain. Catena, 81(1): 77-85.
  • Kavvadias, V., M.K. Doula, K. Komnitsas and N. Liakopoulou. 2010. Disposal of olive oil mill wastes in evaporation ponds: Effects on soil properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182(1- 3): 144-155.
  • Kempler, W.D. and R.C. Rosenau. 1986. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In A. Klute et al., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Minerological Methods, 425-442, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Monograph. Soil Science of America, Madison, USA.
  • Lacey, S.T. 2000. Runoff and sediment attenuation by undisturbed and lightly disturbed forest buffers. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 122(1-2): 121-138.
  • Lal, R. 1988. Soil Erosion Research Methods. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Iowa.
  • Liu, Y., Y. Tao, K.Y. Wan, G.S. Zhang, D.B. Liu, G.Y. Xiong and F. Chen. 2012. Runoff and nutrient losses in citrus orchards on sloping land subjected to different surface mulching practices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China. Agricultural Water Management, 110: 34-40.
  • Middleton, H.E. 1930. Properties of Soil Which Influence Soil Erosion. United States of Depertment of Agricultural Technician Bultenin. No: 178.
  • Mollenhauer, W.C. and D.C. Long. 1964. Influence of rainfall energy on soil loss and infiltration rates: I. Effects over a range of texture. Soil Science of Society American Processing Book, 28: 813-817.
  • Neal, J.H. 1938. The Effect of The Degree of Slope and Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff and Soil Erosion. Agricultural of Experiments of Strategies Research Bultenin, No: 280.
  • Nektarios, P.A., N. Ntoulas, S. Mc Elroy, M. Volterrani and G. Arbis. 2011. Effect of olive mill compost on native soil characteristics and tall festuca turf grass development. Agronomy Journal, 103(5): 1524-1531.
  • Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition. No:9, 181-197, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. No:9, 539-579, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Ntoulas, N., P.A. Nektarios and G. Gogoula. 2011. Evaluation of olive mill waste compost as a soil amendment for Cynodon dactlyon turf establishment, growth an anchorage. Hortscience, 46(6): 937-945.
  • Nyakatawa, E.Z., D.A. Mays, H.R. Howard, N.G. Svendsen, R. Britton and R.O. Pacumbaba. 2010. Runoff and sediment transport from compost mulch berms on a simulated military training landscape. Soil & Sediment Contamination. 19(3): 307- 321.
  • Okeyo, A.L., M. Mucheru-Muna. J. Mugwe. K.F. Ngetich. D.N. Mugendi. J. Diels and C.A. Shisanya. 2014. Effects of selected soil and water conservation Technologies on nutrient losses and maize yields in the central highlands of Kenya. Agricultural Water Management, 137: 52-58.
  • Pansu, M. and J. Gautheyroux. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diognosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook 60. United States of Goverment Print Office, Washington.
  • Shipitalo, M.J. and J.V. Bonta. 2008. Impact of using paper mill sludge for surface mine reclamation on runoff water quality and plant growth. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(6): 2351- 2359.
  • Taysun, A. 1986. Gediz Havzasında Rendzina Tarım Topraklarında Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Yardımıyla Taşlar, Bitki Artıkları ve Polivinilalkolün (PVA) Toprak Özellikleri ile Birlikte Erozyona Etkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın No: 474.
  • Taysun, A. 1989. Toprak ve Su Korunumu. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Teksir No: 92-III, Bornova.
  • Tezcan, C. 1992. Farklı Özellikteki Topraklara Sürülerek Karıştırılan Farklı Miktarlardaki Bitki Artıklarının Laboratuvar Koşullarında Erozyona Etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bornova.
  • Tuncay, H. 1994. Toprak Fiziği. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Teksir No: 28, Bornova, İZMİR.
  • Uysal, H., G. Yönter and G. Yolcu. 2012. The effects of valonia oaks residues on runoff, soil loss and infiltration under laboratory conditions. 8th International Soil Science Congress on “Land Degradation and Challenges in Sustainable Soil Management”. Proceedings Book, 4: 500-503. (Poster Bildirisi). 15-17 May 2012, Çeşme-İZMİR.
  • Warrington, D., I. Shainberg and G.J. Levy. 1991. Polysaccharide and salt effect on infiltration and erosion. A rainfall simulation study. Tech-A Cooperating Journal, Catena, 4:1.
  • Won, C.H., Y.H. Choi, M.H. Shin, K.J. Lim and J.D. Choi. 2012. Effects of rice straw mats on runoff and sediment discharge in a laboratory rainfall simulation. Geoderma, 189: 164-169.
  • Yönter, G. and A. Taysun. 2004. Farklı çaplardaki taş örtü oranlarının yapay yağmurlayıcı koşulları altında su erozyonuna etkisi, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3): 185-196.
  • Yönter, G. and H. Uysal. 2007. Menemen Uygulama Çiftliği Topraklarında Laboratuvar Koşulları Altında Uygulanan Polivinilalkol (PVA) ve Poliakrilamid’in (PAM) Su Erozyonu ve Kaymak Tabakası Dirençleri Üzerine Etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Kesin Raporu, Proje No: 2005-ZRF- 056.
  • Yönter, G. 2010. Effects of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as soil conditioners on erosion by runoff and by splash under laboratory conditions. EKOLOJİ, 19(77): 35-41.
  • Yönter, G. ve H. Uysal. 2014. Farklı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özelliklere Sahip Typic Xerofluvent Topraklara Uygulanan Doğal Katkı Maddelerinin Laboratuvar Koşullarında Yüzey Akış, Toprak Kaybı ve İnfiltrasyon Üzerine Etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Kesin Raporu, Proje No: 2012-ZRF-017.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökçen Yönter

Huriye Uysal This is me

Publication Date December 24, 2015
Submission Date December 24, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 52 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yönter, G., & Uysal, H. (2015). Zeytin Atığının Tınlı Bünyeli Bir Toprakta Yüzey Akış, Toprak Kaybı, Drenaj, pH ve EC Üzerindeki Etkileri. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 52(3), 243-248. https://doi.org/10.20289/euzfd.78184

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