Spermatogonial stem cells and transplantation

Year 2009, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 145 - 154, 01.06.2009

Ayhan Yılmaz

Abstract

Keywords

-

Spermatogonial Kök Hücreleri ve Transplantasyonu

Abstract

Ç iftlik hayvanlarında üremenin denetimi hayvanların doğal üreme sistemlerinin sistematik olarak insan eliyle dönüştürülmesini hedeflemekte ve bu amaçla pek çok teknik geliştirilmektedir. Son yıllarda spermatogenesisin temel mekanizmasını anlamaya yönelik pek çok çalışma yapılmakta ve erkeklerde infertilitenin temel nedenleri moleküler düzeyde araştırılmaktadır. Özellikle spermatogonial kök hücreleri spermatogenesisin başlangıç noktasını oluşturan temel bir araç olarak söz konusu amaç için önemli bir materyaldir. Bu hücrelerin tür içinde ve türler arasında transferlerinin başarılması etkinliklerini daha da artırmaktadır. Ancak spermatogonia kök hücresinin tanımlanması noktasında uygun belirteçlerin (markers) saptanması konusunda hala ciddi bir ilerleme kaydedilememiştir. Bu bağlamda bir başka önemli konu, artan çalışmalar spermatogenesisin karmaşık bir süreçler bütünü olduğunu göstermekte ve üreme biyolojisi konusundaki bilgilerimizin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerektiğini açığa çıkarmaktadır. Sonuç olarak spermatogonial kök hücreleri hem hayvancılıkta hem de tıpta kullanım olanakları bakımından umut vaat etmektedir

Keywords

-

References

• Akmal, K.M., J.M. Dufour, M. Vo, S. Higginson ve K.H., Kim. 1998. Ligand-depenedent regulation if retinoic acid receptor α in rat testis: in vivo response to depletion and repletion of vitamin A. Endocrinology, 139: 1239-1248.
• Avarbock, M.R., C.J. Brinster ve R.L. Brinster. 1996. Reconstitution of spermatogenesis from frozen spermatogonial stem cells. Nature Medicine, 2: 693-696.
• Barqawi, A., H. Trummer ve R Meacham. 2004. Effect of prolonged cryptorchidism on germ cell apoptosis and testicular sperm count. Asian J. Androl. 6: 47-51.
• Bongso, A. ve M. Richards. 2004. History and perspective of stem cell research. Clin. Obstet. and Gynaecol., 18: 827-842
• Bowles, J., D. Knight, C. Smith, D. Wilhelm, J. Richman, S. Mamiya, K. Yashiro, K. Chawengsaksophak, M.J. Wilson, J. Rossant, H. Hamada ve P. Koopman. 2006. Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice. Science, 312: 596-600.
• Bowles, J. ve P. Koopman. 2007. Retinoic acid, meiosis and germ cell fate in mammals. Development 134: 3401-3411.
• Brinster, R.L. ve M.R. Avarbock. 1994. Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 11303-11302.
• Brinster, R.L. ve J.W. Zimmermann. 1994. Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 91: 11298-11302.
• Chung, S.S.W., X. Wang ve D.J. Wolgemuth. 2005. Male sterility in mice lacking acid receptor α involves specific abnormalities in spermatogenesis. Differentiation, 73: 188-198.
• Cupp, A.S., J.M. Dufour, G. Kim, M.K. Skinner ve K.H. Kim. 1999. Action of retinoids on embryonic and early postnatal testis development. Endocrinology 140: 2343-2352.
• Dadoune, J.P. 2007. New insights into male gametogeness: what about the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica 45: 141-147.
• de Rooij, D.G. 1998. Stem cells in testis. Int. J. Exp. Path., 79: 67-80.
• de Rooij, D.G. ve F. van-Dissel-Emiliani. 1997. Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in the germ line. In: potten C, ed. stem cells, San Diego, Calif: Academic press; 283-313.
• de Rooij, D.G., M. Okabe ve Y. Nishimune. 1999. Arrest of spermatogonial differenetiation in jsd/jsd, Sl17H, and cryptorchid mice. Biol. Reprod. 61: 842-847.
• de Rooij, D.G. 2006. Regulation of spermatogonial stem cell bahavior in vivo and in vitro. Anim. Reprod. 3: 130-134.
• Doyle, T.J., K.W. Braun, D.J. McLean, R.W. Wright, M.D. Griswold ve K.H. Kim. 2007. Potential functions of retinoic acid receptor A in sertoli cells and germ cells during spermatogenesis. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1120: 114-130.
• Dym, M., M. Jia, G. Dirami, J. Price, S. Rabin, I. Mocchetti ve N. Ravindranath. 1995. Expression of c-kit receptor and its autophosphorylation in immature rat type A spermatogonia. Biol. Reprod. 52: 8-19.
• Earnshaw, W.C., L.M. Martins ve S.H. Kaufmann. 1999. Mammalian caspases: structure, activation, substrates, and functions during apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Biocem. 68: 383-559.
• Ehmcke, J., J. Wistuba ve S. Schlatt. 2006. Spermatogonial stem cells: questions, models and perspectives. Human Reprod. 12: 275-282.
• Gaemers, I.C., A.M.M. van Pelt, A.P.N. Themmen ve D.G. de Rooij. 1998. Isolation and Characterization of All-trans- Retinoic acid-responsive genes in the rat testis. Mol. Reprod. and Dev., 50: 1-6.
• Griswold, M.D., P.D. Bishop, K.H. Kim, R. Ping, J.E. Siiteri ve C. Morales. 1989. Function of vitamin A in normal and synchronized seminiferous tubules. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 546: 154-172.
• Hess, R.A., 2004. Stages-photos http://vetmed.illinois.edu/~rexhess/Images/testis/stgwhel.JPG. Erişim: November 2004.
• Hill, J.R. ve I.Dobrınskı. 2006. Male germ cell transplantation in lıvestock. Reproductıon, Fertılıty And Development, 2006, 18,13–18.
• Honaramooz, A., S.O. Megee ve I. Dobrinski. 2002. Germ cell transplantation in pig. Biol. Reprod., 60: 2128.
• Honaramooz, A., E., Behboodi, C.L. Hausler, S. Blash, S.L. Ayres, C. Azuma, Y. Echelard ve I. Dobrinski. 2005. Depletion of endogenous germ cells in male pigs and goats in preparation for germ cell transplantation. J. Androl., 26: 698-705.
• Ismail, N., C. Morales ve Y Clermont. 1990. Role of spermatogonia in the stage-synchronization of the seminiferous epithelium in Vitamin A deficient rats. Am J Anat., 188 (1): 57-63.
• Izadyar, F., K., T.A.E. den Ouden, Stout, J. Stout, J. Coret, D.P.K. Lankveld, T.J.P. Spoormakers, B. Colenbrander, J.K. Oldenbroek, K.D. Van der Ploeg, H. Woelders, H.B. Kal ve D.G. de Rooij. 2004. Aoutlogous and homologous transplantation of bovine spermatogonial stem cells. Reproduction, 126: 765-774.
• Jiang, F.X. ve R.V. Short. 1998. Male germ cell transplantation: present achievements and future prospects. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 1067-1073.
• Kanatsu-Shinohara M. Miki, K. Inoue, N. Ogonuki, S. Toyokuni ve A. Ogura. 2005. Longterm culture of mouse male germline stem cells under serum-or feeder-free conditions. Biol. Reprod, 72: 985–91.
• Kastner, P., M. Mark, M. Leid, A. Gansmuller, W. Chin, J.M. Grondona, D. Decimo, W. Krezel, A. Dierich ve P. Champon. 1996. Abnormal spermatogenesis in RXRβ mutant mice. Genes and Dev., 10: 80-92.,
• Khaira, H., D. McLean, D.A. Ohl ve G.D. Smith. 2005. Spermatogonial stem cell isolation, storage, and transplantation. J. Androl., 26: 442-450.
• Koubova, J., D.B. Menke, Q. Zhou, B. Capel, M.D. Griswold ve D.C. Page. 2006. Retinoic acid regulates sex-specific timing of meiotic initiation in mice. PNAS, 103 (8): 2474-2479.
• Lee, Y.M., J.G. Jung, J.N. Kim, T.S. Park, T.M. Kim, S.S. Shin, D.K. Kang, J.M. Lim ve J.Y. Han. 2006. A testis- mediated germline chimera production based on transfer of chicken testicular cells directly into heterologous testes. Biol. reprod. 75: 380-386.
• Lin, H. 2008. Cell biology of stem cells: an enigma of asymmetry and self-renewal. J. Cell Biol., 180: 257-260.
• Lufkin, T., D. Lohnes, M. Mark, A. Dierich, P. Gorry, M.P. Gaup, M. LeMeur ve P. Champon. 1993. High postnatal lethality and testis degeneration in retinoic acid recptor α mutant mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.Dev. Biol., 90: 7225-7229.
• Meiosis is the first step in gametogenesis: separation of homologous chromosomes into haploid daughter cells, 2003. http://web2.clarkson.edu/class/by310/powerpoint/03%20gametogenesis.ppt. Erişim: 2003
• McLean, D.J., L.D. Russel, M.D. Griswold. 2002. Biological activity and enrichment of spermatogonia stem cells in vitamin A-Deficient and Hyperthermia-exposed testes from mice based on colonization following germ cell transplantation. Biol. Reprod., 66: 1347-1379.
• McLean, G., H. Li, D. Metzger, P. Champon ve M. Petkovich. 2007. Apoptotic extinction of germ cells in testes of Cyp26b1 knockout mice. Endocrinology 148 (10): 4560-4567.
• Meachem, S., V. von Schönfeldt ve S. Schlatt. 2001. Spermatogonia: stem cells its a great perspective. Reproduction 121: 825-634.
• Montaya, F.U., C.M. Verfaillie ve W.S. Hu. 2005. Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells. J. Biosci. and Bioeng. 100: 12-27.
• Moore, K.A. ve I.R. Lemischka. 2006. Stem cells and their Niches. Science, 311: 1880-1884.
• Nagano, M., P. Patrizio ve R.L. Brinster. 2002. Long-term survival of human spermatogonial stem cellsin mouse testes. Fertil.and Steril., 78: 1225-1233.
• Nayernia, K., J.H. Lee, W. Engel, J. Nolte, N. Drusenheimer, K. Rathsack, A. Dev, G. Wulf, I.E. Ehrmann, D. David Elliott, U. Zechner, T. Haaf, A. Meinhardt, H.W. Michelmann, G. Hasenfuss ve K. Guan. 2007. From stem cells to germ cells nnd from germ cells to stem cells. Iranian J. Reprod. Med., Vol. 5. No.2. pp:41–44.
• Oatley, J.M. ve R.L. Brinster. 2008. Regulation of spermatogonial stem cll self-renewal in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 24: 263-286.
• Ogawa, T., I. Dobrinski ve R.L. Brinster. 1999. Recipient preparation is critical for spermatogonial transplantation in the rat. Tissue Cell, 31: 461–472.
• Okustu, T., K., Suzuki, Y. Takeuchi, T., Takeuchi ve G. Yoshizaki. 2006. Testicular grm cells can colonize sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonag and produce functional egges in fish. Proc Natl acad Sci., USA, 103: 2725- 2729
• Ryu, B.Y, K.E. Orwig, M.R. Avarbock ve R.L Brinster. 2003. Stem cell and niche development in the postnatal rat testis. Dev. Biol., 63: 253–263.
• Ryu, B.Y, K.E. Orwig, H. Kubota, M.R. Avarbock ve R.L. Brinster. 2004. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of spermatogonial stem cell in rats. Dev. Biol., 274: 158–170.
• Ryu, B.Y., K.E. Orwig, J.M. Oatley, M.R. Avarbock ve R.L. Brinster. 2006 Effect of aging and niche microenvironment on spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cells, 24: 1505–1511
• Said, T.M., U. Paasch, H.J. Glander ve A. Agarwal. 2004. Role of caspases in male infertility. Human Reprod., 10: 39-51.
• Schlatt, S., L., Foppiani, L., C. Rolf, G.F., Weinbauer ve E., Nieschlag. 2002. Germ cell transplantation into X- irradiated monket testes. Hum. Reprod., 17: 55-62.
• Shinohara, T., M.R. Avarbock ve R.L Brinster. 2000. Fuctional analyses of spermatogonial stem cells in steel and cryptorchid infertile mouse models. Dev. Biol., 220: 401-411.
• Silva, C., J.R. Wood, L. Salvador, Z. Zhang, I. Kostetskii, C.J. Williams, J.F. Straussiii. 2008. Expression profile of male germ cell-associated genes in embryonic stem cell cultures treated with all-trans retinoic acid and testosterone. Mol. Reprod. Dev.wile-Liss, Inc., www. interscience.wiley.com. Erişim: 2008
• van Pelt, AMM., C.E. Van Den Brink, D.G. de Rooij ve P. T Van Der Saag. 1992. Changes in retinoic acid receptor Messenger Ribonucleic acid levels in the vitamin A-deficient rat testis after administration of retinoids. Endocrinology, 131: 344-350.
• van Pelt, A.M.M., F.M.F. Van Dissel-Emiliani, I.C. Gaemers, M.J.M. Van Der Burg, H.J. Tanke ve D.G. de Rooij 1995. Characteristics of A spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocyetes in the vitamin A-deficient rat testis. Biol. Reprod., 53: 570-578.
• van Pelt, A.M.M., A.R. Morena, F.M.F. Van Dissel-Emiliani, C. Boitani, I.C. Gaemers, D.G. de Rooij ve M. Stefanini. 1996. Isolation of the synchronized A spermatogonia from adult vitamin A-deficient rat testes. Biol. Reprod., 55: 439-444.
• Thompson, J.N., J.M. Howell ve G.A.J. Pitt. 1964. Vitamin A and reproduction in rats. Proc. R.Soc. Lond. Ser. B. Biol Sci. 195: 510.
• Trautmann, E., M.J. Guerquin, C. Duquenne, B. Lahaye, R. Habert ve G. Livera. 2008. Retinoic acid prevents germ cell mitotic arrest in mouse fetal testes. Cell Cycle 7(5): 656-66.
• Zhang, J. ve L. Li, 2008. Stem cell Niche: Microenvironment and Beyond. J. Biol. Chemist. 283: 9499-9503.
• Zhou, Q., Y. Li, R. Nie, P. Friel, D. Mitchell, R.M. Evanoff, D. Pounchnik, B. Banasik, J.R. McCarrey, C. Small ve M.D. Griswold. 2008. Expression of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (Stra8) and maturation of murine gonocytes and spermatonia induced by retinoic acid in vitro. Biol. Reprod., 78: 537-545.