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Postpneumonic Empyema in Children: Retrospective, Single Institution Study

Year 2017, Volume: 48 Issue: 4, 146 - 151, 13.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.303774

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Aim:
Different approaches have been
proposed for the diagnosis and treatment of empyema secondary due to pulmonary
infections. The aim of this study was to present our experience of
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with empyema.

 Material and Methods: Clinical
data of children with post pneumonic empyema that were treated with chest
drainage in a public hospital between 1993-2015 were retrospectively reviewed.
In total of 70 patients; 39 males and 31 females with a mean age of 6.9 years
(5 days-17 years) were treated. All the patients with a pleural effusion were
referred to the paediatric surgeon for a surgical opinion by the
respective paediatrician.

 Results: Patients were evaluated
in terms of intercostal chest tube drainage with physical
examination, erect AP and/or lateral decubitus chest radiograph, serum
laboratory tests, diagnostic thoracentesis and pleural fluid
studies. In some cases, thoracentesis was repeated at different times and
localizations. 55 (78.5%) patients were monitored with X-ray and chest
ultrasonography (US). Due to non-availability at that time in our centre,
computed tomography (CT) could not be performed. Patients were
hospitalised in the departments of surgery and infection. Most common
isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus
aureus
and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Antibiotic treatment was held by the paediatrician. 8 patients underwent
re-intubation due to the loculation of fluid and technical reasons. A
total of 81 chest tubes were inserted in 70 patients. The tubes were
removed within 3-41 days (mean 11 days). 21 patients had varying degrees
of pleural thickening, pneumothorax developed due to pneumatoceles in 6
patients. Because of the risks and limited facilities, fibrinolytic agents
and decortication were not applied. Families were informed about it. Pleural
thickenings decreased mostly following the clinical improvement in 10-90 days
(mean 20 days) and lungs re-expanded completely. Although the number of cases
increased twice on an annual basis, it continuously declined over the years.

Conclusion: X-ray, US and laboratory tests were sufficient for
diagnosis and follow-up in postpneumonic empyema. Treatment was successfully
done by combining systemic antibiotics, closed intercostal chest tube drainage
and chest physiotherapy. Although there is a long recovery time, this essential
treatment should be considered as a first choice.











 

References

  • (1) Kosloske AM. Infections of the Lungs, Pleura and madiastineum. In Welch KJ, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O’Neill JA and Rowe MI, editors. Pediatric Surgery, 4 th ed. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1986; pp 657-673.
  • (2) Grewal H, Smith SD. Lung infections: Lung Biopsy, Lung abscess, Bronchiectasis and Empyema . In Ziegler MM, Azizkhan RG, JG, and Weber TR : Operative Pediatric Surgery. McGraw-Hill, 2003; pp 455–463.
  • (3) Celayir AC, İnalhan M, Etker Ş, İnan S. Çocuklarda infeksiyona sekonder plevral effuzyonlara yaklaşım: 6 yıllık deneyim. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi 2000; 31(4): 191-195
  • (4) Dorman RM, Vali K, Rothstein DH. Trends in treatment of infectious parapnömonic effusions in U.S. children's hospitals, 2004–2014. J of Pediatric Surgery 2016; (51):885–890.
  • (5) Mahon C, Walker W, Drage A, Best E. Incidence, aetiology and outcome of pleural empyema and parapnömonic effusion from 1998 to 2012 in a population of New Zealand children. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52(6): 662-668.
  • (6) Proesmans M, Gijsens B, Van de Wijdeven P, De Caluwe H, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K et al. Clinical outcome of parapnömonic empyema in children treated according to a standardized medical treatment. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1339-45.
  • (7) Zampoli M, Zar HJ. Empyema and parapneumonic effusions in children: an update, South African Journal of Child Health 2007; 1(3): 121-128.
  • (8) Johnson B, Rylander M, Beres AL. Do X-rays after chest tube removal change patient management?, J Pediatr Surg 2017; doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.047.
  • (9) Zampoli M, Chaya S, Zar HJ. Empyema in Children: Update of Aetiology, Diagnosis and Management Approaches, Curr Pulmonol Rep 2017; 6:16-25.
  • (10) Telander RL, Moir CR. Acquired lesions of the lung and pleura.
  • In Ashcraft KW, Holder TM Pediatric Surgery. W.B. Saunders Company 1993; pp 188-203.
  • (11) Miu T-Y. An overview of childhood empyema, Journal of Paediatric Respirology and Critical Care 2007; 3(2): 9-14.
  • (12) Tsujimoto N, Saraya T, Light RW, Tsukahara Y, Koide T, Kurai D, et al. A Simple Method for Differentiating Complicated Parapnomonic Effusion/Empyema from Parapnomonic Effusion Using the Split Pleura Sign and the Amount of Pleural Effusion on Thoracic CT. PLoS One 2015;10(6): 1-12.
  • (13) Light RW. Parapnömonic effusions and empyema. Clin Chest Med 1985;6(1): 55-62.
  • (14) Quinn T, Alam N, Aminazad A, Marshall MB, Choong CKC. Decision making and algorithm for the management of pleural effusions. Thorac Surg Clin 2013; 23: 11-16.
  • (15) Celayir A, Sümer B, Özgüver AA, Gültekin E, İnalhan M, İnan S. Ampiyem sonrası bir plevral kalınlaşma olgusu: cerrahi gerekli mi? Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 1997; 29(3-4): 218-221.
  • (16) Divarcı E, Özcan C. Torasik ampiyeme minimal invazif yaklaşım. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi 2016; 30(3): 236-241.
  • (17) Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36(2): 121–125.
  • (18) Raffensperger JG. Diseases of the pleura. In:Swenson’s Pediatric Surgery 5th ed. Appleton & Lange; 1990; 84:737-741.
  • (19) Numanoğlu İ. Akciğerler, In: Çocuk Cerrahisi, Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayınları 1983: pp 991-1025.
  • (20) James CA, Braswell LE, Pezeshkmehr AH, Roberson PK, Parks JA, Moore MB. Stratifying fibrinolytic dosing in pediatric parapnomonic effusion based on ultrasound grade correlation. Pediatric Radiology 2017; 47:89-95.
  • (21) Marhuenda C, Barceló C, Fuentes I, Guillén G, Cano I, López M et al. Urokinase versus VATS for treatment of empyema: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Pediatrics 2014; 134(5):1301-1307.
  • (22) Cha LM-J, Choi S, Kim T, Yoon SW. Intrapleural urokinase therapy in a neonate with pleural empyema. Pediatrics International 2016; 58:616–619.

Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması

Year 2017, Volume: 48 Issue: 4, 146 - 151, 13.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.303774

Abstract

ÖZET

Amaç:
Pulmoner enfeksiyonlara sekonder olarak gelişen ampiyemlerin teşhis ve tedavisi
için farklı yaklaşımlar önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ampiyemli
çocukların teşhis ve tedavi uygulamasındaki klinik tecrübelerin sunulmasıdır.

Gereç ve Yöntem:1993-2016
yılları arasında bir kamu hastanesinde pnömoni sonrası gelişen ampiyem nedeni
ile toraks drenajı uygulanarak tedavi edilen çocukların klinik verileri geriye
dönük olarak incelendi. Toplam 70 hasta; 39 erkek ve 31 kız, ortalama 6.9 yıl, (5 gün-17 yıl) tedavi edildi.
Plevral efüzyonu olan tüm hastalar, ilgili çocuk doktoru tarafından cerrahi
görüş için çocuk cerrahına sevk edildi.

Bulgular:
Hastalar interkostal toraks tüpü drenajı gerekliliği açısından; fizik muayene,
AP ve/veya lateral dekübit akciğer grafisi, serum laboratuar testleri, tanısal
torasentez ile alınan plevra sıvısı çalışmaları ile değerlendirildi. Bazı
vakalarda, torasentezler farklı zamanlarda ve lokalizasyonlarda tekrarlandı. 55
(% 78.5) hasta toraks ultrasonografisi (US) ile takip edildi. Bu süre içinde
merkezimizde olmaması nedeni ile bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) scan yapılmadı.
Hastalar cerrahi ve enfeksiyon kliniklerinde yatırılarak takip edildi. En sık
izole edilen bakteriler Staphylococcus
aureus
ve Streptococcus pnömonia
idi. Antibiyotik tedavisi çocuk uzmanı tarafından düzenlendi. 8 hastaya sıvının
lokulasyonu veya teknik nedenlerden dolayı iki defa tüp takıldı. Toplam 70
hastaya 81 toraks tübü yerleştirildi. Tüpler 3-41 gün içinde çıkarıldı (ort. 11
gün). 21 hastada değişen derecelerde plevral kalınlaşma, 6 hastada pnömatosel
nedeni ile pnömotoraks gelişti. Riskler ve olanaklar nedeni ile fibrinolitik
ajanlar ve dekortikasyon uygulanmadı. Aileler bu konuda bilgilendirildi.
Plevral kalınlaşmalar çoğunlukla klinik düzelmeyi takiben azalarak 10-90 gün
(ort. 20 gün) içinde kayboldu, akciğerler tamamen re-expanse oldular. Yıllık
vaka sayısı iki defa artmasına rağmen, olgu sayıları yıllar içinde azaldı.

Sonuç:
Post pnömonik ampiyemlerde; X-ray, laboratuar testleri ve US teşhis ve takip
açısından yeterli olmuştur. Tedavi sistemik antibiotikler, kapalı intercostal
göğüs tübü drenajı ve göğüs fizyoterapisi kombine edilerek başarıyla
yapılmıştır. İyileşme süresi uzun bulunmakla beraber, bu temel tedavi öncelikli
olarak tercih edilmelidir.











 

References

  • (1) Kosloske AM. Infections of the Lungs, Pleura and madiastineum. In Welch KJ, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O’Neill JA and Rowe MI, editors. Pediatric Surgery, 4 th ed. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1986; pp 657-673.
  • (2) Grewal H, Smith SD. Lung infections: Lung Biopsy, Lung abscess, Bronchiectasis and Empyema . In Ziegler MM, Azizkhan RG, JG, and Weber TR : Operative Pediatric Surgery. McGraw-Hill, 2003; pp 455–463.
  • (3) Celayir AC, İnalhan M, Etker Ş, İnan S. Çocuklarda infeksiyona sekonder plevral effuzyonlara yaklaşım: 6 yıllık deneyim. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi 2000; 31(4): 191-195
  • (4) Dorman RM, Vali K, Rothstein DH. Trends in treatment of infectious parapnömonic effusions in U.S. children's hospitals, 2004–2014. J of Pediatric Surgery 2016; (51):885–890.
  • (5) Mahon C, Walker W, Drage A, Best E. Incidence, aetiology and outcome of pleural empyema and parapnömonic effusion from 1998 to 2012 in a population of New Zealand children. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52(6): 662-668.
  • (6) Proesmans M, Gijsens B, Van de Wijdeven P, De Caluwe H, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K et al. Clinical outcome of parapnömonic empyema in children treated according to a standardized medical treatment. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1339-45.
  • (7) Zampoli M, Zar HJ. Empyema and parapneumonic effusions in children: an update, South African Journal of Child Health 2007; 1(3): 121-128.
  • (8) Johnson B, Rylander M, Beres AL. Do X-rays after chest tube removal change patient management?, J Pediatr Surg 2017; doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.047.
  • (9) Zampoli M, Chaya S, Zar HJ. Empyema in Children: Update of Aetiology, Diagnosis and Management Approaches, Curr Pulmonol Rep 2017; 6:16-25.
  • (10) Telander RL, Moir CR. Acquired lesions of the lung and pleura.
  • In Ashcraft KW, Holder TM Pediatric Surgery. W.B. Saunders Company 1993; pp 188-203.
  • (11) Miu T-Y. An overview of childhood empyema, Journal of Paediatric Respirology and Critical Care 2007; 3(2): 9-14.
  • (12) Tsujimoto N, Saraya T, Light RW, Tsukahara Y, Koide T, Kurai D, et al. A Simple Method for Differentiating Complicated Parapnomonic Effusion/Empyema from Parapnomonic Effusion Using the Split Pleura Sign and the Amount of Pleural Effusion on Thoracic CT. PLoS One 2015;10(6): 1-12.
  • (13) Light RW. Parapnömonic effusions and empyema. Clin Chest Med 1985;6(1): 55-62.
  • (14) Quinn T, Alam N, Aminazad A, Marshall MB, Choong CKC. Decision making and algorithm for the management of pleural effusions. Thorac Surg Clin 2013; 23: 11-16.
  • (15) Celayir A, Sümer B, Özgüver AA, Gültekin E, İnalhan M, İnan S. Ampiyem sonrası bir plevral kalınlaşma olgusu: cerrahi gerekli mi? Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 1997; 29(3-4): 218-221.
  • (16) Divarcı E, Özcan C. Torasik ampiyeme minimal invazif yaklaşım. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi 2016; 30(3): 236-241.
  • (17) Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36(2): 121–125.
  • (18) Raffensperger JG. Diseases of the pleura. In:Swenson’s Pediatric Surgery 5th ed. Appleton & Lange; 1990; 84:737-741.
  • (19) Numanoğlu İ. Akciğerler, In: Çocuk Cerrahisi, Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayınları 1983: pp 991-1025.
  • (20) James CA, Braswell LE, Pezeshkmehr AH, Roberson PK, Parks JA, Moore MB. Stratifying fibrinolytic dosing in pediatric parapnomonic effusion based on ultrasound grade correlation. Pediatric Radiology 2017; 47:89-95.
  • (21) Marhuenda C, Barceló C, Fuentes I, Guillén G, Cano I, López M et al. Urokinase versus VATS for treatment of empyema: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Pediatrics 2014; 134(5):1301-1307.
  • (22) Cha LM-J, Choi S, Kim T, Yoon SW. Intrapleural urokinase therapy in a neonate with pleural empyema. Pediatrics International 2016; 58:616–619.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Feride Mehmetoğlu

Emine Kınacı This is me

Mensur Süer This is me

Publication Date December 13, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 48 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Mehmetoğlu, F., Kınacı, E., & Süer, M. (2017). Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 48(4), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.303774
AMA Mehmetoğlu F, Kınacı E, Süer M. Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni. December 2017;48(4):146-151. doi:10.16948/zktipb.303774
Chicago Mehmetoğlu, Feride, Emine Kınacı, and Mensur Süer. “Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması”. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 48, no. 4 (December 2017): 146-51. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.303774.
EndNote Mehmetoğlu F, Kınacı E, Süer M (December 1, 2017) Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 48 4 146–151.
IEEE F. Mehmetoğlu, E. Kınacı, and M. Süer, “Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması”, Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 146–151, 2017, doi: 10.16948/zktipb.303774.
ISNAD Mehmetoğlu, Feride et al. “Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması”. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 48/4 (December 2017), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.303774.
JAMA Mehmetoğlu F, Kınacı E, Süer M. Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni. 2017;48:146–151.
MLA Mehmetoğlu, Feride et al. “Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması”. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, vol. 48, no. 4, 2017, pp. 146-51, doi:10.16948/zktipb.303774.
Vancouver Mehmetoğlu F, Kınacı E, Süer M. Çocuklarda Postpnömonik Ampiyem: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Çalışması. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni. 2017;48(4):146-51.