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The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pistachio Shell through Carbonization and CO2 Activation

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 35 - 44, 22.05.2019

Öz

In this study, Activated
carbon from
pistachio shell has been successfully
produced through
carbonization
and CO2 activation.

The pistachio shell has been carbonized at 300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000oC
temperature, 100 and 500ml/min inert nitrogen atmosphere. Char, liquid and
gases yields have been investigated during carbonization process.
In the carbonization, generally
the solid yield decreases as the temperature increases, while the gas
efficiency increases. The increase in liquid yield was lower than the gas
yield. Carbonized samples were subjected to physical activation with carbon
dioxide at a flow rate of 100 ml / min at 800oC and 900oC.
As a result of carbon dioxide activation, BET surface area values were obtained
in the range of 16, 66-857, 13 m2 / g. The highest surface area was
obtained as 857,13 m2 / g at 600oC carbonization temperature, 100 ml
/ min nitrogen flow rate and 800oC activation temperature 100 ml /
min carbon dioxide flow rate. The mean pore diameter values of the activated
carbon samples were measured in the range of 2.07-4.06 nm. The average pore
size distribution of some of the samples is in a relatively narrow range and is
mostly of molecular sieve size in nano pore size. According to XRD results, all
samples were found to be amorphous

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Almeida MF, Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M. Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review. Journal of environmental management. 2007;85(4):833–846.
  • 2. Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A. Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;177(1–3):70–80.
  • 3. Yagmur E, Ozmak M, Aktas Z. A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy. Fuel. 2008 Nov;87(15–16):3278–85.
  • 4. Özdemir M, Bolgaz T, Saka C, Şahin Ö. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalks in a two-stage process. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2011;92(1):171–175.
  • 5. Şahin Ö, Saka C. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from acorn shell by physical activation with H2O–CO2 in two-step pretreatment. Bioresource technology. 2013;136:163–168.
  • 6. Dolas H, Sahin O, Saka C, Demir H. A new method on producing high surface area activated carbon: The effect of salt on the surface area and the pore size distribution of activated carbon prepared from pistachio shell. Chemical engineering journal. 2011;166(1):191–197.
  • 7. Gonzalez JF, Roman S, González-García CM, Nabais JV, Ortiz AL. Porosity development in activated carbons prepared from walnut shells by carbon dioxide or steam activation. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2009;48(16):7474–7481.
  • 8. Kütahyalı C, Eral M. Sorption studies of uranium and thorium on activated carbon prepared from olive stones: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2010;396(2–3):251–256.
  • 9. Şayan E. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of activated carbon from alkaline impregnated hazelnut shell: An optimization study on removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2006;115(3):213–218.
  • 10. Georgin J, Dotto GL, Mazutti MA, Foletto EL. Preparation of activated carbon from peanut shell by conventional pyrolysis and microwave irradiation-pyrolysis to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2016;4(1):266–275.
  • 11. Depci T, Onal Y, Prisbrey KA. Apricot stone activated carbons adsorption of cyanide as revealed from computational chemistry analysis and experimental study. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2014 Sep;45(5):2511–7.
  • 12. Kadirvelu K, Kavipriya M, Karthika C, Radhika M, Vennilamani N, Pattabhi S. Utilization of various agricultural wastes for activated carbon preparation and application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solutions. Bioresource Technology. 2003 Mar;87(1):129–32.
  • 13. Ioannidou O, Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2007 Dec;11(9):1966–2005.
  • 14. Yahya MA, Al-Qodah Z, Ngah CWZ. Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015 Jun;46:218–35.
  • 15. Kilic M, Apaydin-Varol E, Pütün AE. Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from tobacco residues: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 May;189(1–2):397–403.
  • 16. Rodríguez-Reinoso F, Molina-Sabio M. Activated carbons from lignocellulosic materials by chemical and/or physical activation: an overview. Carbon. 1992;30(7):1111–8.
  • 17. Bouchelta C, Medjram MS, Bertrand O, Bellat J-P. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2008 May;82(1):70–7.
  • 18. Thommes M. Physical Adsorption Characterization of Nanoporous Materials. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2010 Jun 14;82(7):1059–73.
  • 19. Yun CH, Park YH, Park CR. Effects of pre-carbonization on porosity development of activated carbons from rice straw. Carbon. 2001 Apr;39(4):559–67.
  • 20. Lee H, Kim Y-M, Kim S, Ryu C, Park S, Park Y-K. Review of the use of activated biochar for energyand environmental applications. Carbon Lett. 2018;26:1–10.
  • 21. Marsh H, Rodríguez-Reinoso F. Activated carbon. 1st ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier; 2006. 536 p.
  • 22. Ahmadpour A, Do DD. The preparation of activated carbon from macadamia nutshell by chemical activation. Carbon. 1997;35(12):1723–32.
  • 23. Pallarés J, González-Cencerrado A, Arauzo I. Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018 Aug;115:64–73.
  • 24. Giudicianni P, Cardone G, Ragucci R. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin slow steam pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass components mixtures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2013 Mar;100:213–22.
  • 25. Burhenne L, Messmer J, Aicher T, Laborie M-P. The effect of the biomass components lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose on TGA and fixed bed pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2013 May;101:177–84.
  • 26. Cabrales L, Abidi N. On the thermal degradation of cellulose in cotton fibers. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2010 Nov;102(2):485–91.
  • 27. Rouquerol F, Rouquerol J, Sing KSW, Llewellyn PL, Maurin G. Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Second edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier/AP; 2014. 626 p.
  • 28. Labani MM, Rezaee R, Saeedi A, Hinai AA. Evaluation of pore size spectrum of gas shale reservoirs using low pressure nitrogen adsorption, gas expansion and mercury porosimetry: A case study from the Perth and Canning Basins, Western Australia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2013 Dec;112:7–16.
  • 29. Collet F, Bart M, Serres L, Miriel J. Porous structure and water vapour sorption of hemp-based materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2008 Jun;22(6):1271–80.
  • 30. Saka C. BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2012 May;95:21–4.
  • 31. Bansal RC, Goyal M. Activated carbon adsorption [Internet]. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2005 [cited 2019 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9780824753443
  • 32. Ahmedna M, Marshall W., Rao R. Production of granular activated carbons from select agricultural by-products and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties1Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station manuscript 99-21-0066.1. Bioresource Technology. 2000 Jan;71(2):113–23.
  • 33. Zhang Z, Xu M, Wang H, Li Z. Enhancement of CO2 adsorption on high surface area activated carbon modified by N2, H2 and ammonia. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010 Jun;160(2):571–7.
  • 34. Lua AC, Guo J. Microporous Oil-Palm-Shell Activated Carbon Prepared by Physical Activation for Gas-Phase Adsorption. Langmuir. 2001 Oct;17(22):7112–7.
  • 35. Nabais JMV, Nunes P, Carrott PJM, Ribeiro Carrott MML, García AM, Díaz-Díez MA. Production of activated carbons from coffee endocarp by CO2 and steam activation. Fuel Processing Technology. 2008 Mar;89(3):262–8.
  • 36. Okada K, Yamamoto N, Kameshima Y, Yasumori A. Porous properties of activated carbons from waste newspaper prepared by chemical and physical activation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003 Jun;262(1):179–93.
  • 37. Lua AC, Yang T. Effects of vacuum pyrolysis conditions on the characteristics of activated carbons derived from pistachio-nut shells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2004 Aug;276(2):364–72.
  • 38. Ferrero F. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on magnesium silicate: Kinetics, equilibria and comparison with other adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010 Jan;22(3):467–73.
  • 39. Raposo F, De La Rubia MA, Borja R. Methylene blue number as useful indicator to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon in batch mode: Influence of adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio and particle size. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009 Jun 15;165(1–3):291–9.
  • 40. Ma J, Yu F, Zhou L, Jin L, Yang M, Luan J, et al. Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Alkali-Activated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2012 Nov 28;4(11):5749–60.
Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 35 - 44, 22.05.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Almeida MF, Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M. Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review. Journal of environmental management. 2007;85(4):833–846.
  • 2. Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A. Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;177(1–3):70–80.
  • 3. Yagmur E, Ozmak M, Aktas Z. A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy. Fuel. 2008 Nov;87(15–16):3278–85.
  • 4. Özdemir M, Bolgaz T, Saka C, Şahin Ö. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalks in a two-stage process. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2011;92(1):171–175.
  • 5. Şahin Ö, Saka C. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from acorn shell by physical activation with H2O–CO2 in two-step pretreatment. Bioresource technology. 2013;136:163–168.
  • 6. Dolas H, Sahin O, Saka C, Demir H. A new method on producing high surface area activated carbon: The effect of salt on the surface area and the pore size distribution of activated carbon prepared from pistachio shell. Chemical engineering journal. 2011;166(1):191–197.
  • 7. Gonzalez JF, Roman S, González-García CM, Nabais JV, Ortiz AL. Porosity development in activated carbons prepared from walnut shells by carbon dioxide or steam activation. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2009;48(16):7474–7481.
  • 8. Kütahyalı C, Eral M. Sorption studies of uranium and thorium on activated carbon prepared from olive stones: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2010;396(2–3):251–256.
  • 9. Şayan E. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of activated carbon from alkaline impregnated hazelnut shell: An optimization study on removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2006;115(3):213–218.
  • 10. Georgin J, Dotto GL, Mazutti MA, Foletto EL. Preparation of activated carbon from peanut shell by conventional pyrolysis and microwave irradiation-pyrolysis to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2016;4(1):266–275.
  • 11. Depci T, Onal Y, Prisbrey KA. Apricot stone activated carbons adsorption of cyanide as revealed from computational chemistry analysis and experimental study. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2014 Sep;45(5):2511–7.
  • 12. Kadirvelu K, Kavipriya M, Karthika C, Radhika M, Vennilamani N, Pattabhi S. Utilization of various agricultural wastes for activated carbon preparation and application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solutions. Bioresource Technology. 2003 Mar;87(1):129–32.
  • 13. Ioannidou O, Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2007 Dec;11(9):1966–2005.
  • 14. Yahya MA, Al-Qodah Z, Ngah CWZ. Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015 Jun;46:218–35.
  • 15. Kilic M, Apaydin-Varol E, Pütün AE. Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from tobacco residues: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 May;189(1–2):397–403.
  • 16. Rodríguez-Reinoso F, Molina-Sabio M. Activated carbons from lignocellulosic materials by chemical and/or physical activation: an overview. Carbon. 1992;30(7):1111–8.
  • 17. Bouchelta C, Medjram MS, Bertrand O, Bellat J-P. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2008 May;82(1):70–7.
  • 18. Thommes M. Physical Adsorption Characterization of Nanoporous Materials. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2010 Jun 14;82(7):1059–73.
  • 19. Yun CH, Park YH, Park CR. Effects of pre-carbonization on porosity development of activated carbons from rice straw. Carbon. 2001 Apr;39(4):559–67.
  • 20. Lee H, Kim Y-M, Kim S, Ryu C, Park S, Park Y-K. Review of the use of activated biochar for energyand environmental applications. Carbon Lett. 2018;26:1–10.
  • 21. Marsh H, Rodríguez-Reinoso F. Activated carbon. 1st ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier; 2006. 536 p.
  • 22. Ahmadpour A, Do DD. The preparation of activated carbon from macadamia nutshell by chemical activation. Carbon. 1997;35(12):1723–32.
  • 23. Pallarés J, González-Cencerrado A, Arauzo I. Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018 Aug;115:64–73.
  • 24. Giudicianni P, Cardone G, Ragucci R. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin slow steam pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass components mixtures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2013 Mar;100:213–22.
  • 25. Burhenne L, Messmer J, Aicher T, Laborie M-P. The effect of the biomass components lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose on TGA and fixed bed pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2013 May;101:177–84.
  • 26. Cabrales L, Abidi N. On the thermal degradation of cellulose in cotton fibers. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2010 Nov;102(2):485–91.
  • 27. Rouquerol F, Rouquerol J, Sing KSW, Llewellyn PL, Maurin G. Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Second edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier/AP; 2014. 626 p.
  • 28. Labani MM, Rezaee R, Saeedi A, Hinai AA. Evaluation of pore size spectrum of gas shale reservoirs using low pressure nitrogen adsorption, gas expansion and mercury porosimetry: A case study from the Perth and Canning Basins, Western Australia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2013 Dec;112:7–16.
  • 29. Collet F, Bart M, Serres L, Miriel J. Porous structure and water vapour sorption of hemp-based materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2008 Jun;22(6):1271–80.
  • 30. Saka C. BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2012 May;95:21–4.
  • 31. Bansal RC, Goyal M. Activated carbon adsorption [Internet]. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2005 [cited 2019 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9780824753443
  • 32. Ahmedna M, Marshall W., Rao R. Production of granular activated carbons from select agricultural by-products and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties1Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station manuscript 99-21-0066.1. Bioresource Technology. 2000 Jan;71(2):113–23.
  • 33. Zhang Z, Xu M, Wang H, Li Z. Enhancement of CO2 adsorption on high surface area activated carbon modified by N2, H2 and ammonia. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010 Jun;160(2):571–7.
  • 34. Lua AC, Guo J. Microporous Oil-Palm-Shell Activated Carbon Prepared by Physical Activation for Gas-Phase Adsorption. Langmuir. 2001 Oct;17(22):7112–7.
  • 35. Nabais JMV, Nunes P, Carrott PJM, Ribeiro Carrott MML, García AM, Díaz-Díez MA. Production of activated carbons from coffee endocarp by CO2 and steam activation. Fuel Processing Technology. 2008 Mar;89(3):262–8.
  • 36. Okada K, Yamamoto N, Kameshima Y, Yasumori A. Porous properties of activated carbons from waste newspaper prepared by chemical and physical activation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003 Jun;262(1):179–93.
  • 37. Lua AC, Yang T. Effects of vacuum pyrolysis conditions on the characteristics of activated carbons derived from pistachio-nut shells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2004 Aug;276(2):364–72.
  • 38. Ferrero F. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on magnesium silicate: Kinetics, equilibria and comparison with other adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010 Jan;22(3):467–73.
  • 39. Raposo F, De La Rubia MA, Borja R. Methylene blue number as useful indicator to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon in batch mode: Influence of adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio and particle size. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009 Jun 15;165(1–3):291–9.
  • 40. Ma J, Yu F, Zhou L, Jin L, Yang M, Luan J, et al. Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Alkali-Activated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2012 Nov 28;4(11):5749–60.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İlhan Küçük Bu kişi benim

Yunus Önal 0000-0001-6342-6816

Canan Akmil Başar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Kasım 2018
Kabul Tarihi 23 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, İ., Önal, Y., & Akmil Başar, C. (2019). The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pistachio Shell through Carbonization and CO2 Activation. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B: Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 35-44.

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J. Turk. Chem. Soc., Sect. B: Chem. Eng. (JOTCSB)