LİYAKAT TEMELLİ BÜROKRASİ: KORE KAMU SINAVLARI (GWAGEO) (958-1894) - THE MERIT-BASED BUREAUCRACY: THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION (GWAGEO) IN KOREA (958-1894)

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 26, 754 - 769, 30.12.2018

Murat Kaçer

https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.413841

Öz

Günümüzde devlet dâhil modern örgütlerin en belirgin yönü her türlü istihdamın liyakat ve ehliyet ekseninde olmasıdır. Geleneksel toplumlarda ise irsiyet ve statü ekseninde hükümdarlar, kendi akrabaları, yakın arkadaşları ve kendine yakın tebaası arasından istediği kişileri görevlendirmiş, bu kişileri istediği zaman da görevden uzaklaştırmıştır. Çin’de 6. yüzyıldan itibaren uygulanan bürokrasi sınavları ise bu gelenekte önemli bir istisnadır. Kore’de Çin’deki sınav sisteminin etkisiyle 958 yılında Koryo Hanedanlığı döneminde uygulanan ve 1894 yılında kaldırılmasına kadar 936 yıl devam eden Gwageo sınav sistemi de bu istisnai geleneğin bir parçası ve liyakat eksenli bürokrasi modelinin ilk ve erken dönem örneklerinden birisidir. Bu çalışmada Kore’de uygulanan ve Gwageo denilen bürokrasi sınavları ele alınmıştır. Türkiye’de, bilindiği kadarıyla, bu sınav sistemini inceleyen herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bu yönüyle özelde Kore, genel olarak Doğu Asya alanındaki çalışmalara bir katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kore, Çin, Doğu Asya, Bürokrasi, Sınav, Liyakat, Gwageo

A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF SOCIAL LEARNING IN CIGARETTE ADDICTION TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS - LİYAKAT TEMELLİ BÜROKRASİ: KORE KAMU SINAVLARI (GWAGEO) (958-1894)

Öz

Today, the most prominent aspect of modern organizations, including the state, is that all kinds of employment are based on merit and competence. However, in the traditional societies, the rulers appointed the people they wanted among their relatives, close friends, and slaves. The bureaucracy examination system that implemented in the 6th century in China is an important exception in this tradition. The Gwageo examination system, which was conducted in Korea during the Koryo Dynasty in 958 and lasted for 936 years untill its abolition in 1894 under the influence of the examination system in China, is also a part of this exceptional tradition and the one of the first and early examples of merit-based bureaucracy. This study examines the bureaucracy exams in Korea called Gwageo. In Turkey, a study on this system by itself, is absent, considering the literature reviewed. In this way, this work aims to provide a contribution to East Asian, especially Korean, studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Korea, China, East Asia, Bureaucracy, Examination, Merit, Gwageo

Kaynakça

• Buzo, A. (2004). The making of modern Korea. Routledge
• Cartwright, M. (2016). Dangun. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Dangun/
• Chan, R. K. (2018). Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications. Palgrave Macmillan
• Çolakoğlu, S., ve Çolakoğlu, B. E. (2008). Kore Toplumu, Kültürü, Siyaseti, Ankara: Orion
• Duncan, J. B. (2000). The origins of the Choson Dynasty. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press
• Grayson, J. H. (1976). Some Structural Patterns of the Royal Families of Ancient Korea, Korea Journal 16, no. 6 , 27–32
• Güç, A. (2001). Konfüçyüsçülük'te Kutsal Metinler. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi; Yıl: 2001 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1
• Han, Woo-keun (1970). The History of Korea. Seoul: Euel-Yoo Publishing
• Holcombe, C. (2016). Doğu Asya Tarihi Çin Japonya Kore, (çev. M. Murtaza Özeren), İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları
• http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/113_32184.html
• Kaçer, M. (2017). Çin Bürokrasi Sınavları: Patrimonyal Bürokraside Rasyonel Bir Gelenek. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 145-166
• Kim, Bun Woong (1982). "Korean Bureaucracy in Historical Perspective." In Bun Woong Kim and Wha Joon Rho, eds. Korean Public Bureaucracy: Readings. Seoul: Kyobo Publishers, 46-62
• Kim, Taik-kyoo (1989). Civil and Military Administration: Government Structure in Pre-Modern Korea, Senri Ethnological Studies 25, 87–110
• Kim, J. (2012). A history of Korea: from" Land of the Morning Calm" to states in conflict. Indiana University Press
• Kim, K. P. (2003). Goryeo dynasty: Korea's age of enlightenment, 918-1392 (No. 951.9). Asian Art Museum of San Franisco
• Kim, K., & Park, H. (2010). Family succession through adoption in the Chosun Dynasty. The History of the Family, 15(4), 443-452
• Kim, Yong-mo (1986). “Social Status and Social Class”, in The National Academy of Sciences (ed.), Introduction to Korean Studies, Seoul: The National Academy of Sciences
• Kim, C. S. (1971). The Kolp'um system: basis for Sillan social stratification. Journal of Korean Studies, 1(2), 43-69
• Lee, Ki-baik, (2007). A New History of Korea. Translated by Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press
• Lee, Ki-dong. (1980). Bureaucracy and Kolp’um System in the Middle Age of Silla. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 52: 31–58
• Lee, Song Mu. (2004) “The Gwageo Examination System during the Goryeo and Early Joseon Periods.” In Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments, edited by Korean National Commission for UNESCO. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym
• Lee, N. H. (2015). Medical licensing examination (uigwa) and the world of the physician officers (uigwan) in Korea’s Joseon Dynasty. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions, 12
• Lee, K. L. (2015). History of the medical licensing examination (uieop) in Korea’s Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). Journal of educational evaluation for health professions, 12
• Nahm, A. C. (1993). Korea: tradition & transformation: a history of the Korean people. Korea: Hollym
• Nahm, A. C. (1998). Kore Tarihi ve Kültürü (çev. Ali Rıza Balaman), İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi
• Orga, İ. (1958). Kore, İstanbul: Sulh Garan Matbaası
• Pak, Tong-so (1986). "Bureaucracy in Traditional Korean Society." Introduction to Korean Studies içinde. Seoul: The National Academy of Sciences
• Park, E. Y. (2001). Military Examinations in Late Choson, 1700-1863: Elite Substratification and Non-Elite Accommodation. Korean Studies, 25(1), 1-50.
• Palais, James B. (1991). Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard East Asian Monograph
• Peterson, M. (2009). A Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing
• Seth, M.J. (2006). A concise history of modern Korea: From the neolithic period through the nineteenth century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefeld Publishers, Inc.
• Tuğtan, M. A. (2013). Kore Savaşı: Uzak Savaşın Askerleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
• Yi, Su-gon (1986). The formation and development of Yangban Society In Introduction to Korean Studies. Seoul: The National Academy of Sciences, 89-112
• Yi, Tae-Jin. (2004). “Social Changes from the Late Goryeo to Early Joseon Periods.” Korean National Commission for UNESCO, ed. Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments içinde. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym, 201-217