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Kamu Diplomasisinin Uygulama Alanı Olarak Sağlık Diplomasisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 60 - 71, 26.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.551365

Öz

Kamu diplomasisi; dış politika hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek amacıyla bir
ülkenin yabancı kamuoyunu etkilemeye yönelik kullandığı iletişim yöntemidir.
Bir ülkenin imajını olumlu yönde arttırmak, işbirliği ve diyaloğu sağlamak için
günümüzde kültür, insani, vatandaş, inanç ve sağlık gibi birçok farklı alanda
uygulanmaktadır. Sağlık diplomasisi çok yönlü bir konu olmakla beraber sağlık
diplomasisi ve yumuşak güçle bağlantısı bulunmaktadır. Sağlık diplomasisi; sağlık
meseleleri ve dış politika arasında arayüz görevi görmektedir. Küresel çapta
yayılma tehlikesi barındıran salgın hastalıklar, ilaç patentleri ile ilgili
fikri mülkiyet hakları, kalkınma hedefleri, savaşlar ve artan mültecilik sorunu
sağlığın dış politikaya eklemlenmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Sağlık ile dış
politika arasındaki ilişki dört aşamalı bir modelle açıklanmaktadır. Uluslar bu
modelleri, dış politikalarında kullanmaktadır. Kamu diplomasisi projeleri ve
yumuşak güç üretmesi nedeniyle sağlık ve dış politika arasındaki ilişki “dış
politikanın aracı olarak sağlık modeli” ile açıklanacaktır. Bu doğrultuda ABD
ve Çin’in sağlık diplomasisi uygulamalarına yer verilerek Türkiye’ye yönelik
bir sağlık diplomasisi modeli önerilecektir.




Kaynakça

  • Alcázar, S., & Buss, P. (2013). Health is an Integral Part. In İlona Kickbusch (Ed.), 21.Century Global Health Diplomacy (First Edit, pp. 147–164). New York: World Scientific.
  • Andrew Kohut. (2007). How The World Sees China. Retrieved January 31, 2019, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/12/11/how-the-world-sees-china/
  • Aydemir, E. (2016). Dış Politikada Yumuşak Güç ve Medya (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • B. Senem Çevik. (2014). Uluslararası Halkla İlişkilerde İnsani Yardımlar: Kamu Diplomasisi Boyutu (1st ed.). Ankara: Stratejik düşünce Entitüsü.
  • Bilener, T. (2016). İnsancıl diplomasi: Kavramlar ve Tartışmalar Işığında Kanada Örneği. In G. A. Sancar (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Örnekler (1st ed., p. 59). İstanbul: BETA.
  • Building Prosperity, Stability, and Security Through Strategic Health Diplomacy: A Study of 15 Years of PEPFAR. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2019, from https://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/building-prosperity-stability-and-security-through-strategic-health-diplomacy-a-study-of-15-years-of-pepfar/
  • Efe, S. (2014). Makıng New Frıends? Relatıonal Publıc Dıplomacy As A Foreıgn Polıcy Instrument. American University.
  • Efe Sevin. (n.d.). Sağlık, İletişim ve Dış Politika: Çin ve Brezilya Örnekleri Üzerinden Sağlık Diplomasisi. In Gaye Aslı Sancar (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Örnekler (1st ed., p. 86). BETA.
  • Fauci, A. S. (2007). The expanding global health agenda: A welcome development. Nature Medicine, 13(10), 1169–1171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1646
  • Feldbaum, H., & Michaud, J. (2010). Health diplomacy and the enduring relevance of foreign policy interests. PLoS Medicine, 7(4), 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000226
  • Frequently Asked Questions About SARS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html
  • Gaye Aslı Sancar. (2012). Uluslararasi Halkla İli̇şki̇lerYöntemi̇ Olarak Kamu Di̇plomasi̇si̇: Türki̇ye İçi̇n Bi̇r Model Öneri̇si̇.
  • Gilboa, E. (2006). Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel’s Foreign Policy. Israel Affairs, 12(4), 715–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310600890067
  • Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2019, from https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/
  • Global Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2019, from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics
  • Haber. (2018). Retrieved March 26, 2019, from https://www.haksozhaber.net/bm-kusatma-altindaki-bolgelere-iki-aydir-yardim-ulastirilamiyor-102068h.htm
  • Hosseini Divkolaye, N. S., Radfar, M. H., Seighali, F., & Burkle, F. M. (2016). When Health Diplomacy Serves Foreign Policy: Use of Soft Power to Quell Conflict and Crises.
  • Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 10(5), 724–727. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.31
  • İlona Kickbusch. (2013). 21st Century Health Diplomacy: A New Relationship Between Foreign Policy and Health. In 21st Century Global Health Diplomacy (First Edit, p. 11). World Scientific.
  • Ilona Kickbusch and Margarita Ivanova. (2013). The History and Evolution of Global Health Diplomacy. In I. Kickbusch, G. Lister, M. Told, & N. Drager (Eds.), Global Health
  • Diplomacy: Concepts, Issues, Actors, Instruments, Fora and Cases (first edit, p. 24). New York: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5401-4
  • İnan, E. (2012). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Halkla İlişkiler Ekseni. In A. Ö. T. E. Öztürk (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisi (1st ed., p. 64,65). Tasam Yayınları.
  • İstek, E. (2017). Avrupa ’ Da Veba Salgını Ve Salgında Din Great Plague In Europa And Relıgıous Factor In Plague ( The Sample Of Vıenna ). Ankara Üniversitesi Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36(62), 173–204.
  • Jones, K. A. (2010). New complexities and approaches to global health diplomacy: View from the U.S. department of state. PLoS Medicine, 7(5), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000276
  • Joseph S. Nye, J. (2017). Yumuşak Güç: Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Araçları (2nd ed.). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Kadetz, P. (2012). Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy : Problematizing a Hegemonic Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy : Problematizing a Hegemonic Construction. St. Antony’s International Review, 8(2), 149,172.
  • Kalın, İ. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey. Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), 21.
  • Karaoğlan, M. (2018). Afrika’da Yumuşak Güç: Kültür, Siyasi Değerler Ve Dış Politika Bağlamında Çin Örneği, 5(March).
  • Kickbusch, I. (2009). 21st Century Health Diplomacy : A New, 1–40.
  • Koplow, D. A. (2003). Smallpox : The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (First Edit). Berkeley / Los Angeles / London: University of California Press.
  • Laurie Garrett. (2007). The Challenge of Global Health. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-01-01/challenge-global-health
  • Lin, S., Gao, L., Reyes, M., Cheng, F., Kaufman, J., & El-Sadr, W. M. (2016). China’s health assistance to Africa: Opportunism or altruism? Globalization and Health, 12(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0217-1
  • Matlin, S., & Kickbusch, I. (n.d.). Introduction: Charting Pathways in Global Health Diplomacy. In Global Health Diplomacy:Pathways to Global Health (1st ed., p. 1). World Scientific. Retrieved from https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/suppl/10.1142/10140/suppl_file/10140_chap01.pdf
  • Mehmet Şahin, B. S. Ç. (2015). Türkiye’de Kamu Diplomasisi ve Yumuşak Güç. In B. S. Ç. Mehmet Şahin (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi (1st ed., p. 6). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Nancy Snow. (2009). Rethinking Public Diplomacy. In P. M. T. Nancy Snow (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (1st ed., p. 4). New York: Francis Taylor Group.
  • No Title. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.genderhealth.org/the_issues/us_foreign_policy/global_health_initiative
  • Organization, W. H. (1958). The First Ten Years of the World Health Organization. Minnesota medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221473.1960.10611277
  • Ornstein, T. (2015). Public Diplomacy in Global Health: An Annotated Bibliography CPD Persepectives on Public Diplomacy.
  • Oslo Ministerial Declaration-global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time. (2007). Lancet, 1,6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60498-X
  • Paul Kadetz. (2014). Sino-African health diplomacy How political economic ideology and approaches to foreign policy can affect health aid. In Jun Li and LimingWang (Ed.), China’s Economic Dynamics Although (First Edit, p. 148). New York: Routledge.
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). Public Health a Major Priority in African Nations. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/01/public-health-a-major-priority-in-african-nations/
  • Ramzan Erdağ. (2015). Türkiye’nin Kalkınma Yardımları ve TİKA. In B. S. Ç. Mehmet Şahin (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi (Birinci ba, p. 260). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Riordan, S. (2004). Dialogue-Based Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm? New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445514549274
  • Samet Kavoğlu. (2018). Türk Kamu Diplomasisi Halkla İlişkiler Eksenli Model Arayışları (1st ed.). Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Suleman, M., Ali, R., & Kerr, D. J. (2014). Health diplomacy: A new approach to the Muslim world? Globalization and Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-50
  • Taubenberger, J. K., & Morens, D. M. (2006). 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases •, 12(1), 15–22.
  • The U.S. Global Health Initiative by Hillary Clinton. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2018, from https://www.voltairenet.org/article166782.html
  • Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312618
  • Youde, J. (2008). Health Diplomacy as Soft Power: The PRC and Africa (Vol. 4898, pp. 27–30). San Francisco.

Health Diplomacy as an Implemantation Area of Public Diplomacy

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 60 - 71, 26.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.551365

Öz

As a new sphere of politics, health diplomacy is an implementation area
of public diplomacy. The latter is a government-sponsored efforts aimed at
communicating with foreign publics in order to attain its foreign politics.
Public diplomacy had a quite wide range of implementation areas from culture to
humanitarian, civil to belief and health related topics in order to keep a good
image, enable cooperation and dialogue. As a versatile subject, health
diplomacy is connected with public diplomacy and soft power. Health diplomacy
functions as an interface in between health issues and foreign policy. Global
epidemics that pose a risk of spread, intellectual property rights in
pharmaceutical patents, proprietary rights, development targets, warfare and
immigration issues entail that health and foreign politics are interconnected.
The relationship between health and foreign policy is explained on a four-step
model. Nations make use of this model in their foreign policies practices. The
relationship between health and foreign policy will be explained based on a
"health model as a means of foreign policy" as it generates health
diplomacy projects and soft power. Health diplomacy practices in USA and China
will be discussed, and national health diplomacy will be recommended for
Turkey.




Kaynakça

  • Alcázar, S., & Buss, P. (2013). Health is an Integral Part. In İlona Kickbusch (Ed.), 21.Century Global Health Diplomacy (First Edit, pp. 147–164). New York: World Scientific.
  • Andrew Kohut. (2007). How The World Sees China. Retrieved January 31, 2019, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/12/11/how-the-world-sees-china/
  • Aydemir, E. (2016). Dış Politikada Yumuşak Güç ve Medya (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • B. Senem Çevik. (2014). Uluslararası Halkla İlişkilerde İnsani Yardımlar: Kamu Diplomasisi Boyutu (1st ed.). Ankara: Stratejik düşünce Entitüsü.
  • Bilener, T. (2016). İnsancıl diplomasi: Kavramlar ve Tartışmalar Işığında Kanada Örneği. In G. A. Sancar (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Örnekler (1st ed., p. 59). İstanbul: BETA.
  • Building Prosperity, Stability, and Security Through Strategic Health Diplomacy: A Study of 15 Years of PEPFAR. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2019, from https://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/building-prosperity-stability-and-security-through-strategic-health-diplomacy-a-study-of-15-years-of-pepfar/
  • Efe, S. (2014). Makıng New Frıends? Relatıonal Publıc Dıplomacy As A Foreıgn Polıcy Instrument. American University.
  • Efe Sevin. (n.d.). Sağlık, İletişim ve Dış Politika: Çin ve Brezilya Örnekleri Üzerinden Sağlık Diplomasisi. In Gaye Aslı Sancar (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Örnekler (1st ed., p. 86). BETA.
  • Fauci, A. S. (2007). The expanding global health agenda: A welcome development. Nature Medicine, 13(10), 1169–1171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1646
  • Feldbaum, H., & Michaud, J. (2010). Health diplomacy and the enduring relevance of foreign policy interests. PLoS Medicine, 7(4), 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000226
  • Frequently Asked Questions About SARS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html
  • Gaye Aslı Sancar. (2012). Uluslararasi Halkla İli̇şki̇lerYöntemi̇ Olarak Kamu Di̇plomasi̇si̇: Türki̇ye İçi̇n Bi̇r Model Öneri̇si̇.
  • Gilboa, E. (2006). Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel’s Foreign Policy. Israel Affairs, 12(4), 715–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310600890067
  • Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2019, from https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/
  • Global Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2019, from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics
  • Haber. (2018). Retrieved March 26, 2019, from https://www.haksozhaber.net/bm-kusatma-altindaki-bolgelere-iki-aydir-yardim-ulastirilamiyor-102068h.htm
  • Hosseini Divkolaye, N. S., Radfar, M. H., Seighali, F., & Burkle, F. M. (2016). When Health Diplomacy Serves Foreign Policy: Use of Soft Power to Quell Conflict and Crises.
  • Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 10(5), 724–727. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.31
  • İlona Kickbusch. (2013). 21st Century Health Diplomacy: A New Relationship Between Foreign Policy and Health. In 21st Century Global Health Diplomacy (First Edit, p. 11). World Scientific.
  • Ilona Kickbusch and Margarita Ivanova. (2013). The History and Evolution of Global Health Diplomacy. In I. Kickbusch, G. Lister, M. Told, & N. Drager (Eds.), Global Health
  • Diplomacy: Concepts, Issues, Actors, Instruments, Fora and Cases (first edit, p. 24). New York: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5401-4
  • İnan, E. (2012). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Halkla İlişkiler Ekseni. In A. Ö. T. E. Öztürk (Ed.), Kamu Diplomasisi (1st ed., p. 64,65). Tasam Yayınları.
  • İstek, E. (2017). Avrupa ’ Da Veba Salgını Ve Salgında Din Great Plague In Europa And Relıgıous Factor In Plague ( The Sample Of Vıenna ). Ankara Üniversitesi Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36(62), 173–204.
  • Jones, K. A. (2010). New complexities and approaches to global health diplomacy: View from the U.S. department of state. PLoS Medicine, 7(5), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000276
  • Joseph S. Nye, J. (2017). Yumuşak Güç: Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Araçları (2nd ed.). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Kadetz, P. (2012). Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy : Problematizing a Hegemonic Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy : Problematizing a Hegemonic Construction. St. Antony’s International Review, 8(2), 149,172.
  • Kalın, İ. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey. Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), 21.
  • Karaoğlan, M. (2018). Afrika’da Yumuşak Güç: Kültür, Siyasi Değerler Ve Dış Politika Bağlamında Çin Örneği, 5(March).
  • Kickbusch, I. (2009). 21st Century Health Diplomacy : A New, 1–40.
  • Koplow, D. A. (2003). Smallpox : The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (First Edit). Berkeley / Los Angeles / London: University of California Press.
  • Laurie Garrett. (2007). The Challenge of Global Health. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-01-01/challenge-global-health
  • Lin, S., Gao, L., Reyes, M., Cheng, F., Kaufman, J., & El-Sadr, W. M. (2016). China’s health assistance to Africa: Opportunism or altruism? Globalization and Health, 12(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0217-1
  • Matlin, S., & Kickbusch, I. (n.d.). Introduction: Charting Pathways in Global Health Diplomacy. In Global Health Diplomacy:Pathways to Global Health (1st ed., p. 1). World Scientific. Retrieved from https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/suppl/10.1142/10140/suppl_file/10140_chap01.pdf
  • Mehmet Şahin, B. S. Ç. (2015). Türkiye’de Kamu Diplomasisi ve Yumuşak Güç. In B. S. Ç. Mehmet Şahin (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi (1st ed., p. 6). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Nancy Snow. (2009). Rethinking Public Diplomacy. In P. M. T. Nancy Snow (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (1st ed., p. 4). New York: Francis Taylor Group.
  • No Title. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.genderhealth.org/the_issues/us_foreign_policy/global_health_initiative
  • Organization, W. H. (1958). The First Ten Years of the World Health Organization. Minnesota medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221473.1960.10611277
  • Ornstein, T. (2015). Public Diplomacy in Global Health: An Annotated Bibliography CPD Persepectives on Public Diplomacy.
  • Oslo Ministerial Declaration-global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time. (2007). Lancet, 1,6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60498-X
  • Paul Kadetz. (2014). Sino-African health diplomacy How political economic ideology and approaches to foreign policy can affect health aid. In Jun Li and LimingWang (Ed.), China’s Economic Dynamics Although (First Edit, p. 148). New York: Routledge.
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). Public Health a Major Priority in African Nations. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/01/public-health-a-major-priority-in-african-nations/
  • Ramzan Erdağ. (2015). Türkiye’nin Kalkınma Yardımları ve TİKA. In B. S. Ç. Mehmet Şahin (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi (Birinci ba, p. 260). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Riordan, S. (2004). Dialogue-Based Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm? New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445514549274
  • Samet Kavoğlu. (2018). Türk Kamu Diplomasisi Halkla İlişkiler Eksenli Model Arayışları (1st ed.). Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Suleman, M., Ali, R., & Kerr, D. J. (2014). Health diplomacy: A new approach to the Muslim world? Globalization and Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-50
  • Taubenberger, J. K., & Morens, D. M. (2006). 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases •, 12(1), 15–22.
  • The U.S. Global Health Initiative by Hillary Clinton. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2018, from https://www.voltairenet.org/article166782.html
  • Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312618
  • Youde, J. (2008). Health Diplomacy as Soft Power: The PRC and Africa (Vol. 4898, pp. 27–30). San Francisco.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nida Kahraman 0000-0002-0982-0166

Melda Cinman

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Nisan 2019
Kabul Tarihi 22 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kahraman, N., & Cinman, M. (2019). Kamu Diplomasisinin Uygulama Alanı Olarak Sağlık Diplomasisi. Muhakeme Dergisi, 2(1), 60-71. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.551365

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