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Müslüman-Hıristiyan İletişimi Bağlamında İlk Kuveykırların İslam ve Müslüman Algısı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 411 - 431, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1422659

Öz

17. yüzyılın başlarında İngiliz Devrimi olarak da bilinen sivil savaş döneminde oluşum aşamasında olan Kuveykır hareketi (Quaker Movement) 1653 yılını müteakiben Avrupa, Amerika ve Karayipler gibi geniş bir coğrafyada hızla yayılmıştır. Dostlar Topluluğu/Dostlar Kilisesi (Society of Friends/Friends Church) olarak da bilinen bu hareketten ilk zamanlarda "püriten", "milenyumcu", "bohem mistikler" veya "kutlu bir hareket" gibi farklı tanımlamalarla bahsedilmiştir.
Hareketin en temel öğretisi “her bireyin Tanrı’nın vahyini aracı olmaksızın doğrudan tecrübe edebileceğidir.” Buradaki tek şart kişinin içindeki “Mesih'in ışığına” (light of Christ) kulak vermesi ve kendini onun rehberliğine bırakmasıdır. Klasik kristolojik formülasyonu revize eden bir yaklaşım ve apokaliptik bir inançla Tanrı’nın Ruhu’nun kadın-erkek herkese gönderildiğini savunan Kuveykırlar her bireye vahyî hidayete erişme hakkı tanımışlar ve dinî otoritenin her türlü dünyevî temsilcisini, kurumu ve aracıyı reddetmişlerdir. Doktrin merkezli Hıristiyanlığı reddedip tecrübî mistisizme yönelmişlerdir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, Hıristiyanlığın mutlak bir iman gerektiren doktrinler taslağı bir din değil yaşanması ve tecrübe edilmesi gereken bir “deneyim” olduğunu savunmuşlardır.
Her bireyin hakikat ve hikmetten (wisdom) bir “ışık/nur” taşıdığına inanan Kuveykırlar diğer din ve inanç sahiplerine karşı Avrupa’daki dönemin diğer mezhepleri Püriten ve Üniteryenler gibi dini hareketlere nispetle daha belirgin bir şekilde kapsayıcı (inclusivist) yaklaşım sergilemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte, bu mezhebin misyoner karakteri her zaman öne çıkmıştır. Hareketin kurucu önderi George Fox (öl. 1691) mezhebin öğretisini Müslümanlara tebliğ etmek amacıyla Kur’an tercümesini okumuş ve farklı yazılarında Kur’an ayetlerini kullanabilecek kadar aşinalık kazanmıştır. Fakat bu ilgi tamamen evanjelik bir motivasyonun sonucudur. Zira Fox’a göre Müslümanlar yanlış yoldadır ve “Hıristiyan hakikatine” yönlendirildikleri takdirde hidayete ereceklerdir. Mezhebin, George Robinson ve Mary Fisher gibi öne çıkan diğer isimleri Kuveykır öğretisini yaymak ve “evanjelik hidayeti” tebliğ etmek için Filistin ve Osmanlı topraklarına seyahat etmişlerdir. Ortaya çıktığı Avrupa ve yayıldığı Amerika’da sert bir mukavemet ve infazlara maruz kalan Kuveykır mezhebi mensupları misyonerlik faaliyetlerini sürdükleri İslam topraklarında ılımlı yaklaşımla karşılanmışlardır. Bunun bir neticesi olarak Kuveykırlar Müslümanlarla -kendi tabirleriyle “Türklerle”- iletişime açık olmuşlardır. Ilımlı yaklaşımları dönemin Avrupası’ndaki yaygın “Müslüman karşıtı” tavırdan görünür şekilde farklılaşmıştır.
Kuveykırların Müslümanlarla hatırı sayılır oranda karşılaşmaları ve temasları bulunmasına rağmen Türkiye’de henüz bu etkileşim hakkında araştırma yapılmamıştır. Hatta bu etkileşim bir yana Kuveykırların bir mezhep olarak tarihi, öğretisi ve Hıristiyan Avrupa’daki konumunu ve etkisini bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ortaya koyan birkaç araştırma dışında kapsamlı bir çalışma henüz mevcut değildir. Bu çalışmada literatürdeki söz konusu boşluğa katkıda bulunmak amacıyla genel olarak Kuveykırlar ve Müslümanlar arasındaki etkileşimi ele alınmaktadır. Özel olarak ise, ilk Kuveykırların İslam dinini, peygamberini ve kendi dönemlerinin Müslümanlarını nasıl algıladığı incelenmektedir. İlk Kuveykırların Müslümanlara hitaben kaleme aldıkları yazılar ve Müslümanlarla farklı tecrübeler ve amaçlar vesilesiyle yaşanan karşılaşmalarına dair tarihi kayıtlar bu çalışmanın temel kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Makalede ilk Kuveykırların İslam algısını yönlendiren hususları ve bu anlayışın önceki Hıristiyan geleneğinin Müslüman algısıyla ne ölçüde benzeştiğini ve farklılaştığını incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu konudaki ilk Türkçe çalışma olması nedeniyle sonraki araştırmalara bir temel oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu Makale, 1. Türkiye Dinler Tarihi Kongresi'nde (29-30 Eylül 2023) sözlü olarak sunulan ancak tam metni yayımlanmayan "Müslüman-Hıristiyan İletişimi Bağlamında Kuveykırların İslam ve Müslüman Algısı" başlıklı tebliğin içeriği geliştirilerek ve kısmen değiştirilerek üretilmiş hâlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Aldam, Thomas - Fisher, Mary. False Prophets and False Teachers Described. London, 1652.
  • Allen, Richard C. - Rosemary Moore (ed.). The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018.
  • Barclay, Robert. An Apology for the True Christian Divinity: Being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the Quakers. Written in Latin and English. ed. John Baskerville. Birmingham: 1765.
  • Bernadette, Andrea - Attar, Samar. The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl’s Influence on Modern Western Thought. Lanham MD: Lexington Books, 2007.
  • Bishop, George. New England Judged by the Spirit of the Lord. London: A. Sowle, 1703.
  • Brailsford, Mabel Richmond. Quaker Women, 1650-1690. London: Duckworth & Co., 1915. http://archive.org/details/quakerwomen165010000brai
  • Braithwaite, William C. The Beginnings of Quakerism. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912.
  • Brown, Sylvia. “The Radical Travels of Mary Fisher: Walking and Writing in The Universal Light”. Women, Gender and Radical Religion in Early Modern Europe. ed. Sylvia Brown. 39-64. Leiden: Brill, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163065.i-325.18
  • Carroll, Kenneth L. “Quaker Captives in Morocco, 1685-1701”. The Journal of the Friends Historical Society 55/3-4 (1985), 67-79.
  • Carroll, Kenneth L. “Quaker Slaves in Algiers, 1679-1688”. The Journal of the Friends Historical Society 54/7 (1982), 301-312.
  • Fox, George. An answer to the speech or decalration [sic] of the great Turk, Sultan Mahomet Which he sent to Leopold Emperor of Germany. And is a defence of the true Christian religion against the said Turks antichristian speech. And a testimony for the Lord Jesus Christ. This was written, by George Fox, five years since, being 1683. And is it now a true prophesie, and fulfilled on the Great Turk Sultan Mahomet? who was removed and put out of his high throne the year 1687. London: Printed, and Sold, by A. Sowle, 1688.
  • Fox, George. Selections from The Epistles of George Fox. ed. Samuel Tuke. London: Richard Barrett Printer, 1848.
  • Fox, George. “The Journal of George Fox I-II”. Friends Library Publishing. ed. John L. Nikalls. b.y.: Religious Society of Friends,1975. https://www.friendslibrary.com/george-fox/journal
  • Fox, George. The Works of George Fox. Philadelphia: Marcus T.C. Gould, 1831.
  • Fox, George. The Hypocrites Fast and Feast not God’s Holyday. Hat-Honour to Men Man’s Institution, not God’s, b.y.: y.y. 1677.
  • Fox, George. The Journal of George Fox. ed. Norman Penney. 2 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911.
  • Gwyn, Douglas. “Seventeenth-Century Context and Quaker Beginnings”. Early Quakers and Their Theological Thought 1647–1723. ed. Stephen W. Angell - Pink Dandelion. 13-31. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Juterczenka, Sünne. “Charting the ‘Progress of Truth’: Quaker Missions and the Topography of Dissent in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe”. British Protestant Missions and the Conversion of Europe, 1600–1900. ed. Simone Maghenzani - Stefano Villani. 129-153. London: Routledge, 2021.
  • MacLean, Gerald - Matar, Nabil. Britain and the Islamic World, 1558-1713. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Matar, Nabil I. Islam in Britain, 1558-1685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Matar, Nabil I. “Some Notes on George Fox and Islam”. The Journal of Friends Historical Society 55/8 (1989), 271-276.
  • Matar, Nabil (ed.). Henry Stubbe and the Beginnings of Islam: The Originall & Progress of Mahometanism. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2013.
  • Meggitt, Justin J. “A Turke Turn’d Quaker: Conversion from Islam to Radical Dissent in Early Modern England”. The Seventeenth Century 34/3 (2019), 353-380.
  • Meggitt, Justin J. Early Quakers and Islam: Slavery, Apocalyptic and Christian-Muslim Encounters in the Seventeenth Century. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press, 2013.
  • Moore, Rosemary. “Seventeenth-century Context and Quaker Beginnings”. The Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies. ed. Stephen W. Angell - Ben Pink Dandelion. 13-28. Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Moore, Rosemary. The Light in Their Consciences: Early Quakers in Britain, 1646–1666. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 2020.
  • Onay, Elif. Bir Hıristiyan Mezhebi Olarak Kuveykırlar. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009.
  • Öztürk, Melek. Kuveykırlar (Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Prensipleri). Fırat Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2022.
  • Perrot, John. A Visitation of Love and a Gentle Greeting of the Turk. London, 1660.
  • Peters, Kate. Print Culture and the Early Quakers. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Ross, Alexander. The Alcoran of Mahomet, Translated out of Arabique into French; by the Sieur Du Ryer, Lord of Malezair, and Resident for the King of France, at Alexandria. çev. André Du Ryer. London: y.y. 1649.
  • Sewel, William. The History of the Rise, Increase, and Progress of the Christian People Called Quakers. London: J. Sowle, 1722. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008395864
  • Tieszen, Charles. The Christian Encounter with Muhammad: How Theologians Have Interpreted the Prophet. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.
  • Tolan, John. Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
  • Vlasblom, David. “Islam in Early Modern Quaker Experience and Writing”. Quaker History 100/1 (2011), 1-21.
  • Yumul, Arus. “Osmanlıda İlk Protestan Misyonerler: Quakerlar”. Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/1 (2023), 1-24.

Early Quakers’ Perception of Islam and Muslims in the Context of Muslim-Christian Interaction

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 411 - 431, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1422659

Öz

The Quaker Movement, which was in its formative stage in the early 17th century during the Civil War period, also known as the English Revolution, spread rapidly following 1653 across a vast geography such as Europe, America, and the Caribbean. This movement, also known as the Society of Friends/Friends Church, was initially described with various titles such as "Puritans", "Millenarians", "Bohemian mystics" or "a holy movement."
The fundamental teaching of the movement was that "every individual can directly experience the presence of God without intermediaries." The only condition was to heed the "light of Christ" within oneself and let oneself be guided by it. With an approach that revised the classical Christological formulation and an apocalyptic belief that God's spirit was sent to all men and women, the Quakers defended that every individual was able to be in direct communication with divine guidance and rejected all worldly representatives, institutions, and intermediaries of religious authority. They refused doctrinal Christianity and turned to experiential mysticism. In other words, they argued that Christianity is an "experience" to be lived and experienced, not a religion of doctrines requiring absolute faith.
The Quakers, who believed that each individual carried a "light" of truth and wisdom, exhibited a more pronounced inclusivist approach towards other religions and people of faith compared to other religious movements in Europe, such as the Puritans and Unitarians. On the other hand, the missionary character of this sect has always been prominent. George Fox (d. 1691), the founding leader of the movement, read the translation of the Qur'an to preach the sect's doctrine to Muslims and became familiar enough with it to be able to make skillful use of Qur'anic verses in his various writings. However, this interest was the result of a missionary motivation. According to Fox, Muslims were on the wrong path and would only be guided if they were led to "the Christian truth". Other prominent figures of the sect, such as George Robinson and Lady Mary Fisher, traveled to Palestine and the Ottoman territories to spread Quaker doctrine and evangelical guidance. The members of the Quaker sect, who faced severe resistance and execution in Europe and America where they originated, encountered a moderate reception in the Muslim lands where they carried out their missionary activities. As a result, the Quakers were open to communication with Muslims - "Turks" in their words. The Quakers’ moderate approach stood in stark contrast to the prevalent "anti-Muslim" sentiment in Europe at the time.
Despite the considerable encounters and contacts between the Quakers and Muslims, no research has yet been conducted in Turkish academia on this significant interaction. Apart from a few small-scale studies, there is a lack of comprehensive research in Turkish that presents the history, doctrine, and influence of the Quakers as a religious sect in Christian Europe with a holistic approach. To address this gap in the literature, this study deals with the Muslim-Quaker interaction in general. Specifically, it examines how the early Quakers perceived the religion of Islam, its Prophet, and Muslims of their time. The writings of early Quakers and the historical records detailing their encounters with Muslims through diverse experiences and for various purposes are the main sources of this research. This paper aims to explore the factors that shaped the early Quakers’ perception of Islam and the extent to which this perception aligned with and diverged from the mainstream Christian understanding of Islam. Being the first study in Turkish on Muslim-Quaker interactions, it is hoped to establish a foundation for future studies in this field.

Kaynakça

  • Aldam, Thomas - Fisher, Mary. False Prophets and False Teachers Described. London, 1652.
  • Allen, Richard C. - Rosemary Moore (ed.). The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018.
  • Barclay, Robert. An Apology for the True Christian Divinity: Being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the Quakers. Written in Latin and English. ed. John Baskerville. Birmingham: 1765.
  • Bernadette, Andrea - Attar, Samar. The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl’s Influence on Modern Western Thought. Lanham MD: Lexington Books, 2007.
  • Bishop, George. New England Judged by the Spirit of the Lord. London: A. Sowle, 1703.
  • Brailsford, Mabel Richmond. Quaker Women, 1650-1690. London: Duckworth & Co., 1915. http://archive.org/details/quakerwomen165010000brai
  • Braithwaite, William C. The Beginnings of Quakerism. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912.
  • Brown, Sylvia. “The Radical Travels of Mary Fisher: Walking and Writing in The Universal Light”. Women, Gender and Radical Religion in Early Modern Europe. ed. Sylvia Brown. 39-64. Leiden: Brill, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163065.i-325.18
  • Carroll, Kenneth L. “Quaker Captives in Morocco, 1685-1701”. The Journal of the Friends Historical Society 55/3-4 (1985), 67-79.
  • Carroll, Kenneth L. “Quaker Slaves in Algiers, 1679-1688”. The Journal of the Friends Historical Society 54/7 (1982), 301-312.
  • Fox, George. An answer to the speech or decalration [sic] of the great Turk, Sultan Mahomet Which he sent to Leopold Emperor of Germany. And is a defence of the true Christian religion against the said Turks antichristian speech. And a testimony for the Lord Jesus Christ. This was written, by George Fox, five years since, being 1683. And is it now a true prophesie, and fulfilled on the Great Turk Sultan Mahomet? who was removed and put out of his high throne the year 1687. London: Printed, and Sold, by A. Sowle, 1688.
  • Fox, George. Selections from The Epistles of George Fox. ed. Samuel Tuke. London: Richard Barrett Printer, 1848.
  • Fox, George. “The Journal of George Fox I-II”. Friends Library Publishing. ed. John L. Nikalls. b.y.: Religious Society of Friends,1975. https://www.friendslibrary.com/george-fox/journal
  • Fox, George. The Works of George Fox. Philadelphia: Marcus T.C. Gould, 1831.
  • Fox, George. The Hypocrites Fast and Feast not God’s Holyday. Hat-Honour to Men Man’s Institution, not God’s, b.y.: y.y. 1677.
  • Fox, George. The Journal of George Fox. ed. Norman Penney. 2 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911.
  • Gwyn, Douglas. “Seventeenth-Century Context and Quaker Beginnings”. Early Quakers and Their Theological Thought 1647–1723. ed. Stephen W. Angell - Pink Dandelion. 13-31. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Juterczenka, Sünne. “Charting the ‘Progress of Truth’: Quaker Missions and the Topography of Dissent in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe”. British Protestant Missions and the Conversion of Europe, 1600–1900. ed. Simone Maghenzani - Stefano Villani. 129-153. London: Routledge, 2021.
  • MacLean, Gerald - Matar, Nabil. Britain and the Islamic World, 1558-1713. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Matar, Nabil I. Islam in Britain, 1558-1685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Matar, Nabil I. “Some Notes on George Fox and Islam”. The Journal of Friends Historical Society 55/8 (1989), 271-276.
  • Matar, Nabil (ed.). Henry Stubbe and the Beginnings of Islam: The Originall & Progress of Mahometanism. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2013.
  • Meggitt, Justin J. “A Turke Turn’d Quaker: Conversion from Islam to Radical Dissent in Early Modern England”. The Seventeenth Century 34/3 (2019), 353-380.
  • Meggitt, Justin J. Early Quakers and Islam: Slavery, Apocalyptic and Christian-Muslim Encounters in the Seventeenth Century. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press, 2013.
  • Moore, Rosemary. “Seventeenth-century Context and Quaker Beginnings”. The Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies. ed. Stephen W. Angell - Ben Pink Dandelion. 13-28. Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Moore, Rosemary. The Light in Their Consciences: Early Quakers in Britain, 1646–1666. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 2020.
  • Onay, Elif. Bir Hıristiyan Mezhebi Olarak Kuveykırlar. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009.
  • Öztürk, Melek. Kuveykırlar (Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Prensipleri). Fırat Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2022.
  • Perrot, John. A Visitation of Love and a Gentle Greeting of the Turk. London, 1660.
  • Peters, Kate. Print Culture and the Early Quakers. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Ross, Alexander. The Alcoran of Mahomet, Translated out of Arabique into French; by the Sieur Du Ryer, Lord of Malezair, and Resident for the King of France, at Alexandria. çev. André Du Ryer. London: y.y. 1649.
  • Sewel, William. The History of the Rise, Increase, and Progress of the Christian People Called Quakers. London: J. Sowle, 1722. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008395864
  • Tieszen, Charles. The Christian Encounter with Muhammad: How Theologians Have Interpreted the Prophet. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.
  • Tolan, John. Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
  • Vlasblom, David. “Islam in Early Modern Quaker Experience and Writing”. Quaker History 100/1 (2011), 1-21.
  • Yumul, Arus. “Osmanlıda İlk Protestan Misyonerler: Quakerlar”. Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/1 (2023), 1-24.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dinler Tarihi, Hrıstiyanlık Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zeynep Yücedoğru 0000-0003-4931-6148

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Yücedoğru, Zeynep. “Müslüman-Hıristiyan İletişimi Bağlamında İlk Kuveykırların İslam Ve Müslüman Algısı”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 23/1 (Haziran 2024), 411-431. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1422659.

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.