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Climate-Oriented Designs in Renewed Parking Areas: Erzurum Urban Transformation Area Case

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 - ENAR Özel Sayı, 79 - 88, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.568747

Öz



In
today's applied parks, hard floor rates are increasing and the use of plant
material is decreasing. In addition, in most of the new parks, it is seen that
plant materials with aesthetic value are used before functionality. As a result
of these observations, it is curious to see how the increase of hard surfaces
affected the climate in our cities. 
The study
area is located in the west of Erzurum Castle and is within the scope of urban
transformation area. In the area with crushed land cover, which is used as a
car parking area, designs with 5 different scenarios and hard floor rates were
changed. 
The designs were evaluated by ENVI-met program. As
the hard floor ratio increases; climate-oriented outdoor thermal comfort was
affected negatively in the study. These determinations were made according to
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) standards. In addition, it is observed that the use
of plants and their places have gained importance. Factors that change
positively the outdoor thermal comfort of the space in the park; the increase
in green areas, the use of trees and the use of trees with shrubs. 
As a result, as the ratio of green
space usage for the designed parking area decreases; It has been determined
that the thermal comfort of the outdoor thermal comfort shifts from the
"Comfortable" range to the "Slight Heat Stress" or
"Modereta Heat Stress" range.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Sun, S., Xu, X., Lao, Z., Liu, W., Li, Z., García, E. H. and Zhu, J., 2017. Evaluating the impact of urban green space and landscape design parameters on thermal comfort in hot summer by numerical simulation, Building and Environment, V.123, p.277-288
  • [2] Mirzaei, P. A. and Haghighat, F., 2010. Approaches to study urban heat island–abilities and limitations, Building and environment, V.45(10), p.2192-2201
  • [3] Sarrat, C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V. and Guedalia, D., 2006. Impact of urban heat island on regional atmospheric pollution, Atmospheric Environment, V.40(10), p.1743-1758
  • [4] UN., 2017. World Population Prospects 2017, United Nations DESA / Population Division
  • [5] IPCC, 2018. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global Warming of 1.5 °C
  • [6] Ketterer, C. and Matzarakis, A., 2014. Human-biometeorological assessment of heat stress reduction by replanning measures in Stuttgart, Germany, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.122, p.78-88
  • [7] Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K. and Meilby, H., 2014. Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.123, p.87-95
  • [8] Gómez, F., Cueva, A. P., Valcuende, M. and Matzarakis, A., 2013. Research on ecological design to enhance comfort in open spaces of a city (Valencia, Spain). Utility of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), Ecological engineering, V.57, p.27-39
  • [9] Ruiz, M. A., Sosa, M. B., Correa, E. N. and Cantón, M. A., 2017. Design tool to improve daytime thermal comfort and nighttime cooling of urban canyons, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.167, p.249-256
  • [10] Chatzidimitriou, A. and Yannas, S., 2017. Street canyon design and improvement potential for urban open spaces; the influence of canyon aspect ratio and orientation on microclimate and outdoor comfort, Sustainable cities and society, V.33, p. 85-101
  • [11] Huang, K. T., Yang, S. R., Matzarakis, A. and Lin, T. P., 2018. Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement, Science of The Total Environment, V.626, p.567-580
  • [12] Topay, M., 2013. Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey), Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry, V.37(1), p.110-120
  • [13] Ketterer, C. and Matzarakis, A., 2016. Mapping the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature in urban areas using artificial neural network, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.150, p.1-9
  • [14] Yang, F. and Chen, L., 2016. Developing a thermal atlas for climate-responsive urban design based on empirical modeling and urban morphological analysis, Energy and Buildings, V.111, p.120-130
  • [15] Lai, P. C., Choi, C. C., Wong, P. P., Thach, T. Q., Wong, M. S., Cheng, W. and Wong, C. M., 2016. Spatial analytical methods for deriving a historical map of physiological equivalent temperature of Hong Kong, Building and Environment, V.99, p.22-28
  • [16] Lin, T. P., Chen, Y. C. and Matzarakis, A., 2017. Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation, Sustainable Cities and Society, V.34, p.12-21
  • [17] Yu, C. and Hien, W. N., 2006. Thermal benefits of city parks, Energy and buildings, V.38(2), p.105-120
  • [18] Georgi, J. N., & Dimitriou, D. (2010). The contribution of urban green spaces to the improvement of environment in cities: Case study of Chania, Greece. Building and environment, 45(6), 1401-1414.
  • [19] Oliveira, S., Andrade, H. and Vaz, T., 2011. The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon, Building and Environment, V.46(11), p.2186-2194
  • [20] Lin, W., Yu, T., Chang, X., Wu, W. and Zhang, Y., 2015. Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.134, p.66-75
  • [21] Anonymous, 2018. https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m =ERZURUM, Accepted Date: 15.10.2018
  • [22] Yahia, M. W. and Johansson, E., 2014. Landscape interventions in improving thermal comfort in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria—The example of residential spaces with detached buildings, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.125, p.1-16
  • [23] Mutlu E., Yilmaz S., Yilmaz H. and Ertem Mutlu B., 2018. Analysis of Urban Settlement Unit By Envi-Met According To Different Aspects In Cold Regions. 6th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2018), Oral presentation, 14–15 May 2018, Singapore, p. 521–523, ISSN 2301-394X, doi: 10.5176/2301-394X_ACE18.97
  • [24] Yilmaz, S., Mutlu, E. and Yilmaz, H., 2018. Alternative scenarios for ecological urbanizations using ENVI-met model, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, V.25(26), p.26307-26321
  • [25] Ünal Y., Topçu S., Menteş S., Yürük C., İlhan A., Temizöz H. P., Yılmaz E., Doğan O. H., Buğday G., Özcan C., Kaytancı T., Karataş A., Dinç U., Kayaalp E. U., Erdemir P., Ünal Ş. Ç., Akgül H. B., Saymaz A. C., Saka F. B., Şimşek U. C., Ünal Z. F., İnan E., Kapan N., Diren D. H. and Somuncu G., 2017. Influence of Land Use Characteristics on Micro-Climate During a Heat Wave Episode on ITU Campus, 8th Atmospheric Sciences Symposium (ATMOS 2017), Poster presentation, 01-04 November 2017, Istanbul – Turkey, p. 771-777, ISBN 978-975561490-8
  • [26] Dursun, D. and Yavas, M., 2017. Soğuk İklime Duyarlı Kentsel Tasarım Yaklaşımları, Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, V.7(2), p.269-278

Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 - ENAR Özel Sayı, 79 - 88, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.568747

Öz



Günümüzdeki uygulanan parklarda sert
zemin oranlarının gitgide arttığı çalışmalar ortaya çıkmakta ve bitkisel
materyal kullanımı azalmaktadır. Ayrıca yeni yapılan parkların çoğunda
işlevsellikten önce estetik değere sahip bitkisel materyallerin kullanıldığı
görülmektedir. Bu gözlemler sonucunda sert zeminlerin artmasının
kentlerimizdeki iklimi nasıl etkilediği merak konusudur. 
Çalışma alanı Erzurum Kalesi’nin
batısında yer alıp kentsel dönüşüm alanı kapsamında bulunmaktadır. Mevcutta
otopark olarak kullanılan ve ezilmiş toprak örtüsüne sahip alana; 5 farklı
senaryo ile beraber sert zemin oranlarının değiştiği tasarımlar yapılmıştır.
Yapılan tasarımlar ENVI-met programıyla değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bu
tasarımlar kapsamında sert zemin oranı arttıkça iklim odaklı dış mekan termal
konforunun olumsuz yönde etkilendiği çalışma sonucunda tespit edilmiştir.
Yapılan bu tespitler Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) standartlarına göre
belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma sonucunda bitkilerin kullanım şekilleri ve
yerlerinin de önem kazandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma alanında park
içerisindeki dış mekan termal konforunu etkili bir şekilde arttıran
parametreler; yeşil alanların artması, ağaçların kullanılması ve çalıların
ağaçlarla birlikte kullanılması olarak belirlenmiştir. 
Sonuç olarak; tasarım yapılan park
alanı için yeşil alan kullanımı oranı azaldıkça, dış mekan termal konforunun
“termal stressiz” aralığından “hafif sıcaklık stresli” ya da “sıcaklık stresli”
aralığına geçiş yaptığı tespit edilmiştir.
 




Kaynakça

  • [1] Sun, S., Xu, X., Lao, Z., Liu, W., Li, Z., García, E. H. and Zhu, J., 2017. Evaluating the impact of urban green space and landscape design parameters on thermal comfort in hot summer by numerical simulation, Building and Environment, V.123, p.277-288
  • [2] Mirzaei, P. A. and Haghighat, F., 2010. Approaches to study urban heat island–abilities and limitations, Building and environment, V.45(10), p.2192-2201
  • [3] Sarrat, C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V. and Guedalia, D., 2006. Impact of urban heat island on regional atmospheric pollution, Atmospheric Environment, V.40(10), p.1743-1758
  • [4] UN., 2017. World Population Prospects 2017, United Nations DESA / Population Division
  • [5] IPCC, 2018. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global Warming of 1.5 °C
  • [6] Ketterer, C. and Matzarakis, A., 2014. Human-biometeorological assessment of heat stress reduction by replanning measures in Stuttgart, Germany, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.122, p.78-88
  • [7] Feyisa, G. L., Dons, K. and Meilby, H., 2014. Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.123, p.87-95
  • [8] Gómez, F., Cueva, A. P., Valcuende, M. and Matzarakis, A., 2013. Research on ecological design to enhance comfort in open spaces of a city (Valencia, Spain). Utility of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), Ecological engineering, V.57, p.27-39
  • [9] Ruiz, M. A., Sosa, M. B., Correa, E. N. and Cantón, M. A., 2017. Design tool to improve daytime thermal comfort and nighttime cooling of urban canyons, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.167, p.249-256
  • [10] Chatzidimitriou, A. and Yannas, S., 2017. Street canyon design and improvement potential for urban open spaces; the influence of canyon aspect ratio and orientation on microclimate and outdoor comfort, Sustainable cities and society, V.33, p. 85-101
  • [11] Huang, K. T., Yang, S. R., Matzarakis, A. and Lin, T. P., 2018. Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement, Science of The Total Environment, V.626, p.567-580
  • [12] Topay, M., 2013. Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey), Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry, V.37(1), p.110-120
  • [13] Ketterer, C. and Matzarakis, A., 2016. Mapping the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature in urban areas using artificial neural network, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.150, p.1-9
  • [14] Yang, F. and Chen, L., 2016. Developing a thermal atlas for climate-responsive urban design based on empirical modeling and urban morphological analysis, Energy and Buildings, V.111, p.120-130
  • [15] Lai, P. C., Choi, C. C., Wong, P. P., Thach, T. Q., Wong, M. S., Cheng, W. and Wong, C. M., 2016. Spatial analytical methods for deriving a historical map of physiological equivalent temperature of Hong Kong, Building and Environment, V.99, p.22-28
  • [16] Lin, T. P., Chen, Y. C. and Matzarakis, A., 2017. Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation, Sustainable Cities and Society, V.34, p.12-21
  • [17] Yu, C. and Hien, W. N., 2006. Thermal benefits of city parks, Energy and buildings, V.38(2), p.105-120
  • [18] Georgi, J. N., & Dimitriou, D. (2010). The contribution of urban green spaces to the improvement of environment in cities: Case study of Chania, Greece. Building and environment, 45(6), 1401-1414.
  • [19] Oliveira, S., Andrade, H. and Vaz, T., 2011. The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon, Building and Environment, V.46(11), p.2186-2194
  • [20] Lin, W., Yu, T., Chang, X., Wu, W. and Zhang, Y., 2015. Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.134, p.66-75
  • [21] Anonymous, 2018. https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m =ERZURUM, Accepted Date: 15.10.2018
  • [22] Yahia, M. W. and Johansson, E., 2014. Landscape interventions in improving thermal comfort in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria—The example of residential spaces with detached buildings, Landscape and Urban Planning, V.125, p.1-16
  • [23] Mutlu E., Yilmaz S., Yilmaz H. and Ertem Mutlu B., 2018. Analysis of Urban Settlement Unit By Envi-Met According To Different Aspects In Cold Regions. 6th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2018), Oral presentation, 14–15 May 2018, Singapore, p. 521–523, ISSN 2301-394X, doi: 10.5176/2301-394X_ACE18.97
  • [24] Yilmaz, S., Mutlu, E. and Yilmaz, H., 2018. Alternative scenarios for ecological urbanizations using ENVI-met model, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, V.25(26), p.26307-26321
  • [25] Ünal Y., Topçu S., Menteş S., Yürük C., İlhan A., Temizöz H. P., Yılmaz E., Doğan O. H., Buğday G., Özcan C., Kaytancı T., Karataş A., Dinç U., Kayaalp E. U., Erdemir P., Ünal Ş. Ç., Akgül H. B., Saymaz A. C., Saka F. B., Şimşek U. C., Ünal Z. F., İnan E., Kapan N., Diren D. H. and Somuncu G., 2017. Influence of Land Use Characteristics on Micro-Climate During a Heat Wave Episode on ITU Campus, 8th Atmospheric Sciences Symposium (ATMOS 2017), Poster presentation, 01-04 November 2017, Istanbul – Turkey, p. 771-777, ISBN 978-975561490-8
  • [26] Dursun, D. and Yavas, M., 2017. Soğuk İklime Duyarlı Kentsel Tasarım Yaklaşımları, Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, V.7(2), p.269-278
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Diğer Bölümler
Yazarlar

Hasan Yılmaz 0000-0003-3768-4760

Sevgi Yılmaz 0000-0001-7668-5788

Emral Mutlu 0000-0003-4097-067X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019
Kabul Tarihi 2 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 - ENAR Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, H., Yılmaz, S., & Mutlu, E. (2019). Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.568747
AMA Yılmaz H, Yılmaz S, Mutlu E. Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. Ekim 2019;8:79-88. doi:10.17100/nevbiltek.568747
Chicago Yılmaz, Hasan, Sevgi Yılmaz, ve Emral Mutlu. “Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği”. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8, Ekim (Ekim 2019): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.568747.
EndNote Yılmaz H, Yılmaz S, Mutlu E (01 Ekim 2019) Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8 79–88.
IEEE H. Yılmaz, S. Yılmaz, ve E. Mutlu, “Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği”, Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 8, ss. 79–88, 2019, doi: 10.17100/nevbiltek.568747.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Hasan vd. “Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği”. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8 (Ekim 2019), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.568747.
JAMA Yılmaz H, Yılmaz S, Mutlu E. Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2019;8:79–88.
MLA Yılmaz, Hasan vd. “Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği”. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 8, 2019, ss. 79-88, doi:10.17100/nevbiltek.568747.
Vancouver Yılmaz H, Yılmaz S, Mutlu E. Yenilenen Park Alanlarında İklim Odaklı Tasarımlar: Erzurum Kentsel Dönüşüm Alanı Örneği. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2019;8:79-88.

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