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Epidemiology of COVID-19: What We Learn From Pandemic

Yıl 2020, COVID-19 Özel Sayı, 29 - 36, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.715153

Öz

The COVID-19 outbreak, which occurred as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that spread in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province in late 2019, is a public health crisis. The virus is thought to be caused by bat. The disease is transmitted from person to person through droplets and contact. Incubation time is shown as 4-5 days (0-14 days). The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. The disease can be severe and fatal in people with old age and comorbid disease. More fatality rates were shown in men than in women. The global fatality rate is known as 2-3%. As the age increases, the rate of fatality increases. Routine BCG vaccine policy is thought to reduce mortality. The diagnosis is made in possible cases by showing the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. In the presence of clinical suspicion, imaging methods such as chest radiography and computed tomography are used in treatment planning. Mainly supportive and empirical treatment is used and specific treatment and vaccine are not yet available. Effective use of personal protective equipment to reduce contact with people, isolation of precise and suspicious cases and protection from contamination is crucial to combating the epidemic. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • 2. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130-7.
  • 3. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. <em>Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</em>: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.02.07.937862.
  • 4. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74.
  • 5. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv. 2020.
  • 6. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). COVID-19 (SARSCoV2 ENFEKSİYONU) REHBERİ (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf Erişim Tarihi:1.04.2020
  • 7. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Veterinary Quarterly. 2020;40(1):68-76.
  • 8. Lam TT-Y, Shum MH-H, Zhu H-C, Tong Y-G, Ni X-B, Liao Y-S, et al. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.02.13.945485.
  • 9. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200122-sitrep-2-2019-ncov.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2020
  • 10. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. Int J Infect Dis. 2020:S1201-9712(20)30123-5.
  • 11. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1: N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
  • 12. Mission RotW-CJ, (COVID-19) oCD. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi:1.04.2020.
  • 13. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15.
  • 14. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b12 Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2020.
  • 15. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Dashboard.2020. https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/a19d5d1f86ee4d99b013eed5f637232d Erişim Tarihi.01.04.2020.
  • 16. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye'deki Güncel Durum.2020. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi. 01.04.2020.
  • 17. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207.
  • 18. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200219-sitrep-30-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=3346b04f_2 Erişim Tarihi. 01.04.2020.
  • 19. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020.
  • 20. Chiu WK, Cheung PC, Ng KL, Ip PL, Sugunan VK, Luk DC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children: experience in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4(3):279-83.
  • 21. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients: N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 19;382(12):1177-1179. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
  • 22. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020.
  • 23. WHO.Health Topics. Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 Erişim Tarihi 01.04.2020.
  • 24. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020.
  • 25. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
  • 26. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020.
  • 27. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 3 March 2020https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---3-march-2020 Erişim Tarihi:2.04.2020.
  • 28. Independent Turkish. Coronavirus https://www.independentturkish.com/ Erişim Tarihi.01.04.2020.
  • 29. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response. Jama. 2020;13(2763188).
  • 30. Miller A, Reandelar M, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu G. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study2020.
  • 31. Jin Y-H, Cai L, Cheng Z-S, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan Y-P, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4.
  • 32. Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes and Infection. 2020.
  • 33. Lin C, Ye R, Xia YL. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of real-time PCR for diagnosing novel coronavirus infections. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(4):15634-41.
  • 34. Infectious Diseases Society of America. COVID-19 Prioritization of Diagnostic Testing. https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/public-health/covid-19-prioritization-of-dx-testing.pdf Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2020.

COVID-19 Epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden Ne Öğrendik

Yıl 2020, COVID-19 Özel Sayı, 29 - 36, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.715153

Öz

2019’un sonunda Çin’in Hubei eyaleti Wuhan şehrinde ortaya çıkan ve yayılanSARS-CoV-2 virüsü sonucu meydana gelen COVID-19 pandemisihalen ciddi bir halk sağlığı problemi olarak etkisini sürdürmektedir. Virüsün yarasa kaynaklı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hastalık damlacık ve temas yolu ile insandan insana bulaşmaktadır. İnkübasyon süresi ortalaması 4-5 gün (0-14 gün) olarak gösterilmiştir. En yaygın semptomları ateş, kuru öksürük ve nefes darlığıdır. Hastalık ileri yaş ve komorbid hastalığı olan kişilerde şiddetli ve mortal seyredebilmektedir. Erkeklerde daha fazla fatalite hızı gösterilmiştir. Fatalite hızı dünya genelinde %2-3 olarak değişmektedir. Yaş arttıkça fatalite hızı artmaktadır. Rutin BCG aşısı politikasının mortaliteyi azalttığı düşünülmektedir.
Teşhis olası vakalarda virüsün solunum sekresyonlarında özel moleküler testlerle gösterilmesi ile konur. Klinik şüphe varlığında tedavi planlamasında akciğer grafisi ve bilgisayarlı tomografi gibi görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Esas olarak destekleyii ve ampirik tedavi uygulanmakta olup spesifik tedavisi ve aşısı henüz yoktur. İnsanların temasının azaltılması, kesin ve şüpheli vakaların izolasyonu ve bulaştan korunmak için kişisel koruyucu ekipmanların etkin kullanımı salgın ile mücadelede çok büyük öneme sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • 2. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130-7.
  • 3. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. <em>Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</em>: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.02.07.937862.
  • 4. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74.
  • 5. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv. 2020.
  • 6. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (2020). COVID-19 (SARSCoV2 ENFEKSİYONU) REHBERİ (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf Erişim Tarihi:1.04.2020
  • 7. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Veterinary Quarterly. 2020;40(1):68-76.
  • 8. Lam TT-Y, Shum MH-H, Zhu H-C, Tong Y-G, Ni X-B, Liao Y-S, et al. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.02.13.945485.
  • 9. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200122-sitrep-2-2019-ncov.pdf Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2020
  • 10. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know. Int J Infect Dis. 2020:S1201-9712(20)30123-5.
  • 11. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1: N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
  • 12. Mission RotW-CJ, (COVID-19) oCD. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Erişim Tarihi:1.04.2020.
  • 13. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15.
  • 14. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b12 Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2020.
  • 15. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Dashboard.2020. https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/a19d5d1f86ee4d99b013eed5f637232d Erişim Tarihi.01.04.2020.
  • 16. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye'deki Güncel Durum.2020. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi. 01.04.2020.
  • 17. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207.
  • 18. WHO. Coronavirus diease(COVID-19) situation reports.2020.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200219-sitrep-30-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=3346b04f_2 Erişim Tarihi. 01.04.2020.
  • 19. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020.
  • 20. Chiu WK, Cheung PC, Ng KL, Ip PL, Sugunan VK, Luk DC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children: experience in a regional hospital in Hong Kong. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4(3):279-83.
  • 21. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients: N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 19;382(12):1177-1179. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
  • 22. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020.
  • 23. WHO.Health Topics. Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 Erişim Tarihi 01.04.2020.
  • 24. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020.
  • 25. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
  • 26. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020.
  • 27. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 3 March 2020https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---3-march-2020 Erişim Tarihi:2.04.2020.
  • 28. Independent Turkish. Coronavirus https://www.independentturkish.com/ Erişim Tarihi.01.04.2020.
  • 29. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response. Jama. 2020;13(2763188).
  • 30. Miller A, Reandelar M, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu G. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study2020.
  • 31. Jin Y-H, Cai L, Cheng Z-S, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan Y-P, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4.
  • 32. Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes and Infection. 2020.
  • 33. Lin C, Ye R, Xia YL. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of real-time PCR for diagnosing novel coronavirus infections. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(4):15634-41.
  • 34. Infectious Diseases Society of America. COVID-19 Prioritization of Diagnostic Testing. https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/public-health/covid-19-prioritization-of-dx-testing.pdf Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2020.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Asiye Uğraş Dikmen 0000-0002-3204-7562

Mediha Kına Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1470-547X

Seçil Özkan 0000-0003-1572-8777

Mustafa Necmi İlhan 0000-0003-1367-6328

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 COVID-19 Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

AMA Uğraş Dikmen A, Kına M, Özkan S, İlhan MN. COVID-19 Epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden Ne Öğrendik. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. Nisan 2020;4:29-36. doi:10.34084/bshr.715153

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Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.864878


















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