Öz
Ecosystem services are the benefits provided to people by natural systems ranging from food and water to recreation and climate regulation. Therefore, the most efficient use of these benefits depends on the right planning strategies for parks and urban green spaces, which support biodiversity and are an important component for green infrastructures. The present study aimed to investigate the ecosystem services provided by tree species used in urban parks. In this context, Mesut Yılmaz (Sahil) Park, located in the city center of Rize, was chosen as the study area. As a result of the on-site observation and investigation carried out in the park, a total of 138 taxa, 71 of which were trees and small trees, were identified. The species detected in the park area grouped by hierarchical cluster analysis. Thus, the main benefits (social, aesthetic, climatic-physical, biological and economic benefits) and ecosystem services (supplier, organizer, habitat and cultural services) provided by the 12 tree species in the first group were examined in the evaluation table. Woody plants offer many valuable ecosystem services such as improving air quality, increasing cultural and aesthetic value, potential for biodiversity, carbon capture, energy saving and micro climate conditioning, improving human health, noise reduction and rainwater management. It is an important requirement to develop planting design strategies of urban parks in a way that supports ecosystem services and to pay attention to these issues in applications.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ecosystem services Planting design Rize Urban parks Urban trees
Kaynakça
- Akkemik, Ü. (2014). Türkiye’nin doğal-egzotik ağaçları ve çalıları I ve II. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Alberti, M. & Marzluff, JM. (2004). Ecological resilience in urban ecosystems: Linking urban patterns to human and ecological functions. Urban Ecosystems, 7(3), 241–265.
- Bolund, P. & Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 293–301.
- CABI. (2019). Invasive species compendium. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/ (18 Temmuz 2019).
- Chang, J., Qu, Z., Xu, R., Pan, K., Xu, B., Min, Y., Ren, Y., Yang, G. & Ge, Y. (2017). Assessing the ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces along urban center-edge gradients. Scientific Reports. 7(11226), 1-9. Doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11559-5
- City of Melbourne. (2012). Urban Forest Strategy – Making a great city greener 2012-2032. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/urban-forest-strategy.pdf. (8 Eylül 2019)
- Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R., Sutton, P. & van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature. 387(15), 253–260.
- Çetinkaya, G. & Uzun, O. (2014). Peyzaj planlama. Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- ÇDR (2019). Rize İli 2018 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. T.C. Rize Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, Rize, 107s. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/rize/menu/2018-yili-cevre-durum-raporu_20190610021215.pdf (10 Mayıs 2020)
- Çorbacı, Ö.L., Abay, G., Oğuztürk, T. & Üçok, M. (2019). Rize ili park ve bahçelerindeki bitki türlerinin envanteri. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi, Sonuç Raporu, Rize, No: FBA-2017-824.
- Gómez-Baggethun, E., Gren, Å., Barton, DN., Langemeyer, J., McPhearson, T., O’Farrell, P., Andersson, E., Hamstead, Z. & Kremer, P. (2013) Urban Ecosystem Services, In: Elmqvist, T. et al. (Eds), Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities. 175-251p, Springer, Dordrecht.
- Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. & Ryan, P.D. (2001). PAST-Palaeontological Statistics. https://www.uv.es/pardomv/pe/2001_1/past/pastprog/past.pdf. (03 Temmuz 2020).
- I-Tree (2014). I-Tree Eco User Manual v5.0. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/manuals/Eco_Manual_v5.pdf. (10 Eylül 2019)
- Jianan, X., Zhiyun, O., Hua, Z., Xiaoke, W. & Hong. M. (2007). Allergenic pollen plants and their influential factors in urban areas. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(9), 3820−3827.
- Kim, G. (2016). Assessing urban forest structure, ecosystem services, and economic benefits on Vacant Land. Sustainability, 8(7), 679.
- Kiss, M., Takács, Á., Pogácsás, R. & Gulyás, Á. (2015). The role of ecosystem services in climate and air quality in urban areas: Evaluating carbon sequestration and air pollution removal by street and park trees in Szeged (Hungary). Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(3), 36–46. Doi: 10.1515/mgr-2015-0016
- Laille, P., Provendier, D., Colson, F. & Salanié, J. (2013). The benefits of urban vegetation, A Study of the Scientific Research and Method of Analysis, Plante & Cité, Angers, 31p.
- Nowak, DJ. & Dwyer, J.F. (2007). Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems, In: Kuser, J.E. (Ed), Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, 25–46p, Springer, New York, USA.
- Nowak, D.J., Walton, J.T., Stevens, J.C., Crane, D.E. Hoehn, & R.E. (2008). Effect of plot and sample size on timing and precision of urban forest assessments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 34(6), 386–390.
- PFAF. (2019). Plants for a future, Database. https://pfaf.org/user/ (19 Temmuz 2019).
- Pollenlibrary. (2019). Tree and plant allergy info for research. http://www.pollenlibrary.com/ (26 Temmuz 2019).
- RHS. (2019). Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/ (22 Temmuz 2019).
- Rogers, K., Jarratt, T. & Hansford, D. (2011). Torbay’s Urban Forest-Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values. http://www.torbay.gov.uk/tuf.pdf. (8 Eylül 2019)
- Rosenthal, J.K., Crauderueff, R. & Carter, M. (2008). Urban heat island mitigation can improve New York city’s environment: Research on the impacts of mitigation strategies. Sustainable South Bronx Working Paper, New York, NY, USA.
- Roy, S., Byrne, J. & Pickering, C. (2012). A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(4), 351-363.
- Salmond, J.A., Tadaki, M., Vardoulakis, S., Arbuthnott, K., Coutts, A., Demuzere, M., Dirks, K.N., Heaviside, C., Lim, S., Macintyre, H., McInnes, R.N. & Wheeler, B.W. (2016). Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environmental Health, 15(36), 95-111.
- Shah, A. (2019). Why is biodiversity important? Who cares? http://www.globalissues.org/article/170/why-is-biodiversity-important-who-cares (9 Eylül 2019).
- TEEB. (2010). Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation. http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/D0-Chapter-1-Integrating-the-ecological-and-economic-dimensions-in-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-service-valuation.pdf (10 Haziran 2019).
- Torbay. (2013). Tree and woodland framework for Torbay. https://www.torbay.gov.uk/media/2948/tree-and-woodland-framework.pdf (24 Haziran 2019).
- Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E. & Miles, M.A. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230.
Öz
Ekosistem hizmetleri, insanlara gıda ve sudan rekreasyon ve iklim düzenlemesine kadar uzanan doğal sistemler tarafından sağlanan faydalardır. Dolayısıyla bu faydalardan insanların en verimli şekilde yararlanabilmesi, biyoçeşitliliği destekleyen ve yeşil altyapılar için önemli bir bileşen olan parklar ve kentsel yeşil alanların doğru stratejiler ile planlanmasına bağlıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, kent parklarında kullanılan ağaç türlerinin sağladığı ekosistem hizmetleri ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Rize il merkezinde yer alan Mesut Yılmaz (Sahil) Parkı çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Park içerisinde yapılan yerinde gözlem ve inceleme sonucunda alanda 71’i ağaç ve ağaççık olmak üzere toplam 138 takson varlığı belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen ağaç türleri bulunma oranlarına göre kümeleme analizine tabi tutularak alanda en çok kullanılan tür grupları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre ilk grupta yer alan 12 adet ağaç türünün sağladığı başlıca yararlar (sosyal, estetik, iklimsel-fiziksel, biyolojik ve ekonomik yararlar) ve ekosistem hizmetleri (tedarikçi, düzenleyici, habitat ve kültürel servisler) genel değerlendirme tablosunda ortaya konularak irdelenmiştir. Odunsu peyzaj bitkileri, hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi, kültürel ve estetik değeri arttırma, biyolojik çeşitlilik potansiyeli, karbon tutumu, enerji tasarrufu ve mikro klima düzenlemesi, insan sağlığının iyileştirilmesi, gürültüyü azaltma ve yağmur suyu yönetimi gibi birçok değerli ekosistem hizmeti sunmaktadır. Kurakçıl tasarımlar, yeşil çatılar ve dikey bahçeler gibi konseptlerin yanı sıra kent parklarının bitkilendirme tasarımı stratejilerinin de ekosistem hizmetlerini destekleyici yönde geliştirilmesi ve uygulamalarda bu hususlara dikkat edilmesi önemli bir gerekliliktir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bitkisel tasarım Ekosistem servisleri Kent ağaçları Kent parkları
Kaynakça
- Akkemik, Ü. (2014). Türkiye’nin doğal-egzotik ağaçları ve çalıları I ve II. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Alberti, M. & Marzluff, JM. (2004). Ecological resilience in urban ecosystems: Linking urban patterns to human and ecological functions. Urban Ecosystems, 7(3), 241–265.
- Bolund, P. & Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 293–301.
- CABI. (2019). Invasive species compendium. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/ (18 Temmuz 2019).
- Chang, J., Qu, Z., Xu, R., Pan, K., Xu, B., Min, Y., Ren, Y., Yang, G. & Ge, Y. (2017). Assessing the ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces along urban center-edge gradients. Scientific Reports. 7(11226), 1-9. Doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11559-5
- City of Melbourne. (2012). Urban Forest Strategy – Making a great city greener 2012-2032. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/urban-forest-strategy.pdf. (8 Eylül 2019)
- Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R., Sutton, P. & van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature. 387(15), 253–260.
- Çetinkaya, G. & Uzun, O. (2014). Peyzaj planlama. Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- ÇDR (2019). Rize İli 2018 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. T.C. Rize Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, Rize, 107s. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/rize/menu/2018-yili-cevre-durum-raporu_20190610021215.pdf (10 Mayıs 2020)
- Çorbacı, Ö.L., Abay, G., Oğuztürk, T. & Üçok, M. (2019). Rize ili park ve bahçelerindeki bitki türlerinin envanteri. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi, Sonuç Raporu, Rize, No: FBA-2017-824.
- Gómez-Baggethun, E., Gren, Å., Barton, DN., Langemeyer, J., McPhearson, T., O’Farrell, P., Andersson, E., Hamstead, Z. & Kremer, P. (2013) Urban Ecosystem Services, In: Elmqvist, T. et al. (Eds), Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities. 175-251p, Springer, Dordrecht.
- Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. & Ryan, P.D. (2001). PAST-Palaeontological Statistics. https://www.uv.es/pardomv/pe/2001_1/past/pastprog/past.pdf. (03 Temmuz 2020).
- I-Tree (2014). I-Tree Eco User Manual v5.0. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/manuals/Eco_Manual_v5.pdf. (10 Eylül 2019)
- Jianan, X., Zhiyun, O., Hua, Z., Xiaoke, W. & Hong. M. (2007). Allergenic pollen plants and their influential factors in urban areas. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(9), 3820−3827.
- Kim, G. (2016). Assessing urban forest structure, ecosystem services, and economic benefits on Vacant Land. Sustainability, 8(7), 679.
- Kiss, M., Takács, Á., Pogácsás, R. & Gulyás, Á. (2015). The role of ecosystem services in climate and air quality in urban areas: Evaluating carbon sequestration and air pollution removal by street and park trees in Szeged (Hungary). Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(3), 36–46. Doi: 10.1515/mgr-2015-0016
- Laille, P., Provendier, D., Colson, F. & Salanié, J. (2013). The benefits of urban vegetation, A Study of the Scientific Research and Method of Analysis, Plante & Cité, Angers, 31p.
- Nowak, DJ. & Dwyer, J.F. (2007). Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems, In: Kuser, J.E. (Ed), Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, 25–46p, Springer, New York, USA.
- Nowak, D.J., Walton, J.T., Stevens, J.C., Crane, D.E. Hoehn, & R.E. (2008). Effect of plot and sample size on timing and precision of urban forest assessments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 34(6), 386–390.
- PFAF. (2019). Plants for a future, Database. https://pfaf.org/user/ (19 Temmuz 2019).
- Pollenlibrary. (2019). Tree and plant allergy info for research. http://www.pollenlibrary.com/ (26 Temmuz 2019).
- RHS. (2019). Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/ (22 Temmuz 2019).
- Rogers, K., Jarratt, T. & Hansford, D. (2011). Torbay’s Urban Forest-Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values. http://www.torbay.gov.uk/tuf.pdf. (8 Eylül 2019)
- Rosenthal, J.K., Crauderueff, R. & Carter, M. (2008). Urban heat island mitigation can improve New York city’s environment: Research on the impacts of mitigation strategies. Sustainable South Bronx Working Paper, New York, NY, USA.
- Roy, S., Byrne, J. & Pickering, C. (2012). A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(4), 351-363.
- Salmond, J.A., Tadaki, M., Vardoulakis, S., Arbuthnott, K., Coutts, A., Demuzere, M., Dirks, K.N., Heaviside, C., Lim, S., Macintyre, H., McInnes, R.N. & Wheeler, B.W. (2016). Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environmental Health, 15(36), 95-111.
- Shah, A. (2019). Why is biodiversity important? Who cares? http://www.globalissues.org/article/170/why-is-biodiversity-important-who-cares (9 Eylül 2019).
- TEEB. (2010). Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation. http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/D0-Chapter-1-Integrating-the-ecological-and-economic-dimensions-in-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-service-valuation.pdf (10 Haziran 2019).
- Torbay. (2013). Tree and woodland framework for Torbay. https://www.torbay.gov.uk/media/2948/tree-and-woodland-framework.pdf (24 Haziran 2019).
- Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E. & Miles, M.A. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Temmuz 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Eylül 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4 |
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