Structural Performance Analysis of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Produced From Pine and Spruce Grown in Turkey
Öz
Wooden buildings with many advantages such as being lightness, durability, earthquake resistant, healthy, insulating, and esthetic are suitable for all kinds places especially earthquake zones. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has increasingly become a viable alternative to other structural materials, mainly because of its excellent properties related to sustainability, energy efficiency, and speed of construction. This has resulted in the recent emergence of a significant number of CLT buildings constructed around the world. This is a study on determining the properties of CLT panels manufactured from wood species grown in Turkey and investigating of the structural behaviour and seismic resistant performance of them. Lumbers of 100 mm (width) x 50 mm (thickness) x 2400 mm (length) used in CLT manufacturing were obtained from eastern spruce (Picea orientalis L.) and scots pine (Pinus slyvestris) logs. Two replicate three-layered CLT panels of 2400 mm × 2400 mm × 150 mm in size were manufactured for each group. Density of the CLT panels was determined according to EN 323. The seismic resistant performance of the CLT shear walls was determined according to ASTM E 72 standard. CLT panels manufactured from scots pine gave higher seismic performance than those of CLT panels manufactured from spruce. The maximum load capacity of the walls increased with increasing the density values of the CLT panels.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) Structural Behaviour Performance Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Scots Pine Spruce
Destekleyen Kurum
TUBITAK
Proje Numarası
2170081
Kaynakça
- Aicher S., Hirsch M. & Christian Z., (2016). Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Plates with Beech Wood Cross-Layers, Construction and Building Materials, 124, 1007–1018.
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E72, (2014). Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction, West Conshohocken, A, United States.
- ANSI/APA PRG-320., (2017). Standard for Performance-Rated Cross- Laminated Timber, American National Standards Institute, USA.
- ANSI/APA., (2019). Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timber. PRG 320-2012. Tacoma, WA: APA – The Engineered Wood Association.
- APA-The Engineered Wood Association, (2018). ANSI/APA PRG 320-2018 Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber, Tacoma, WA: APA- The Engineered Wood Association
- Baño V., Godoy D. & Vega A., (2016). Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Produced with Pine Timber from Thinnings in Uruguay. World Conf. Timber Eng. 2016 WCTE 2016, August 22-25.
- Christovasilisa I.P., Riparbelli L., Rinaldin G. & Tamagnone G., (2020). Methods for Practice-Oriented Linear Analysis in Seismic Design of Cross Laminated Timber Buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 128, 105869.
- Crovella P., Smith W. & Bartczak J., (2019). Experimental Verification of Shear Analogy Approach to Predict Bending Stiffness for Softwood and Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timber Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 229, 116895.
- Demirkir C. & Colakoglu G., (2015). The Effect of Grain Direction on Lateral Nail Strength and Thermal Conductivity of Structural Plywood Panels, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 17(3), 469–478.
- Demirkir C., Colakoglu G. & Karacabeyli, E., (2012). Effect of Manufacturing Factors on Technological Properties of Plywood From Northern Turkey And Suitability of Panels for Use in Shear Walls. Journal of structural engineering, 139(12), 04013002.
- DIN/EN 204, (2001). Classification of Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives for Non-Structural Applications. German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung).
- Dugmore M., Nocetti M., Brunetti M., Naghizadeh Z. & Wessels, C. B., (2019). Bonding Quality of Cross-Laminated Timber: Evaluation of Test Methods on Eucalyptus Grandis Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 211, 217–227.
- EN 323, 1993: Wood-Based panels. Determination ofdensity. European Standards, Brussels.
- European Committee For Standardization, (2015). EN 16351: Timber structures-Cross laminated timber-Requirements, Brusssels, BEL.
- Fortune, A., & Quenneville, P., (2011). Feasibility Study of New Zealand Radiata Pine Cross-Laminated Timber, New Zealand Timber Design Journal, 19(3), 3–7.
- FPInnovations, CLT Handbook, FPInnovations, BC, (2013).
- FPInnovations, CLT Handbook: Cross-Laminated, FPInnovations, Quebec, Canada (2011).
- Gagnon, S., & Pirvu, C., (2011). Cross laminated timber (CLT) handbook. FPInnovations, Vancouver, Canada.
- Gardner C., Davids W.G., Lopez-Anido R., Herzog B., Edgar R., Nagy E., Berube K. & Shaler S,. (2020). The Effect of Edge Gaps on Shear Strength and Rolling Shear Modulus of Cross Laminated Timber Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119710.
- Gavric I., Fragiacomo M. & Cecotti A., (2015c). Cyclic Behaviour of CLT Wall Systems: Experimental Tests and Analytical Prediction Model. Journal of structural engineering, 141(11), 04015034.
- Hashemi A. & Quenneville P., (2020). Large-Scale Testing of Low Damage Rocking Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Wall Panels With Friction Damper, Engineering Structures, 206, 110166.
- Hashemi A., Bagheri H., Yousef-Beik S.M.M., Darani F.M., Valadbeigi A., Zarnani P. & Quenneville P., (2020). Enhanced Seismic Performance of Timber Structures Using Resilient Connections: Full-Scale Testing and Design Procedure. Journal of structural engineering, 146(9): 04020180.
- He M., Sun X. & Li Z. (2018). Bending and Compressive Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Made From Canadian Hemlock, Construction and Building Materials, 185.
- Hossain A., Danzig I. & Tannert T. (2016). Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Connections with Double-Angled Self-Tapping Screw Assemblies. Journal of structural engineering, 142(11), 04016099.
- Iqbaì A., (2015). Cross-laminated Timber for Building Structures, Branz Study Rep., SR336, 12.
- Izzi M., Casagrande D., Bezzi S., Pasca D., Follesa M. & Tomasi R., (2018). Seismic Behaviour of Cross Laminated Timber Structures: A state-of-the-art review. Engineering Structures, 170, 42–52.
- Kramer A., Barbosa A.R. & Sinha A., (2014). Viability of Hybrid Poplar in ANSI Approvedcross-Laminated Timber Applications, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(7), 06014009, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000936.
- Li J., Beall F. C. & Breiner T. A. (2007). Analysis of racking of Structural Assemblies Using Acoustic Emission, Advances in Acoustic Emission. AEWG, AE Group, (6) 202.
- Lu Z., Zhou H. Y. & Hu L. C., (2018). Effects of Surface Treatment and Adhesives on bond Performance and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Made From Small Diameter Eucalyptus Timber, Construction and Building Materials, 161, 9–15.
- Mohamadzadeh M. & Hindman D., (2015). Mechanical Performance of Yellow-Poplar Cross Laminated Timber. Rep. No. CE/VPI-ST-15-13, 44.
- Navaratnam S., Christopher P.B., Ngo T. & Le T.V., (2020). Bending and Shear Performance of Australian Radiata Pine Cross-Laminated Timber. Construction and Building Materials, 232, 117215.
- Okabe M., Yasumura M., Kobayashi K. & Fujita K., (2014). Prediction of Bending Stiffness and Moment Carrying Capacityof Sugi Cross-Laminated Timber, Journal of Wood Science, 60, 49-58.
- Pirvu C., (2008). Structural Performance of Wood Diaphragms with Thick Panels. Canadian Forest Service No. 13, Final report. FPInnovations Forintek, March.
- Scouse A., Kelley S.S., Liang S. & Bergman R., (2020). Regional and Net Economic Impacts of High-Rise Mass Timber Construction in Oregon. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102154.
- Shahnewaz M., Alam S. & Tannert T., (2018). Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls for Platform-Type Construction, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE ISSN, 0733-9445.
- Sikora K.S., McPolin D.O. & Harte A.M., (2016). Effects of the Thickness of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels made from Irish Sitka Spruce on Mechanical Performance in Bending and Shear, Construction and Building Materials, 116, 141–150.
- Song Y. J. & Hong S. I., (2018). Performance Evaluation of the Bending Strength of Larch Cross-Laminated Timber, Wood Res., 63, 105–116.
- Sotayo A., Bradley D.F., Bather M., Oudjene M., El-Houjeyri I. & Guan Z., (2020). Development and Structural Behaviour of Adhesive Free Laminated Timber Beams and Cross Laminated Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119821.
- Srivaro S., Tomad J., Shi J. & Cai J., (2020). Characterization of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Trunk’s Properties and Evaluation of its Suitability to be Used as Raw Material for Cross Laminated Timber Production, Construction and Building Materials, 254, 119291.
Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Sarıçam ve Doğu Ladininden Üretilen Çapraz Lamine Ahşap (CLT) Yapısal Performans Analizi
Öz
Hafif, dayanıklı, depreme dayanıklı, sağlıklı, yalıtkan ve estetik olması gibi pek çok avantaja sahip olan ahşap yapılar, deprem bölgeleri başta olmak üzere her türlü mekan için uygundur. Çapraz lamine ahşap (CLT), sürdürülebilir olması, enerji verimliliği ve yapım hızı ile ilgili mükemmel özellikleri nedeniyle, diğer yapısal malzemelere giderek artan bir şekilde daha uygun bir alternatif haline geldi. Bu, yakın zamanda dünya çapında inşa edilen önemli sayıda CLT binasının ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışma Türkiye'de yetişen ağaç türlerinden üretilen CLT panellerin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, yapısal davranışı ve depreme dayanıklılık performanslarının incelenmesi üzerinedir. CLT imalatında kullanılan 100 mm (genişlik) x 50 mm (kalınlık) x 2400 mm (uzunluk) ölçülerindeki keresteler, Doğu Ladini (Picea orientalis L.) ve Sarıçam (Pinus slyvestris) tomruklarından elde edilmiştir. Her bir grup için 2400 mm × 2400 mm × 150 mm boyutlarında iki adet üç tabakalı CLT paneli üretilmiştir. CLT panellerinin yoğunluğu EN 323'e göre, perde duvarların sismik dayanıklılık performansı ise ASTM E 72 standardına göre belirlenmiştir. Sarıçamdan üretilen CLT paneller, ladinden üretilen CLT panellere göre daha yüksek sismik performans sağlamıştır. CLT panellerinin yoğunluk değerleri arttıkça duvarların maksimum yük taşıma kapasitesi artmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CLT (Çapraz Lamine Ahşap) Yapısal Davranış Performansı Yapay Sinir Ağları Doğu Ladin Sarıçam
Proje Numarası
2170081
Kaynakça
- Aicher S., Hirsch M. & Christian Z., (2016). Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Plates with Beech Wood Cross-Layers, Construction and Building Materials, 124, 1007–1018.
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E72, (2014). Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction, West Conshohocken, A, United States.
- ANSI/APA PRG-320., (2017). Standard for Performance-Rated Cross- Laminated Timber, American National Standards Institute, USA.
- ANSI/APA., (2019). Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timber. PRG 320-2012. Tacoma, WA: APA – The Engineered Wood Association.
- APA-The Engineered Wood Association, (2018). ANSI/APA PRG 320-2018 Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber, Tacoma, WA: APA- The Engineered Wood Association
- Baño V., Godoy D. & Vega A., (2016). Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Produced with Pine Timber from Thinnings in Uruguay. World Conf. Timber Eng. 2016 WCTE 2016, August 22-25.
- Christovasilisa I.P., Riparbelli L., Rinaldin G. & Tamagnone G., (2020). Methods for Practice-Oriented Linear Analysis in Seismic Design of Cross Laminated Timber Buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 128, 105869.
- Crovella P., Smith W. & Bartczak J., (2019). Experimental Verification of Shear Analogy Approach to Predict Bending Stiffness for Softwood and Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timber Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 229, 116895.
- Demirkir C. & Colakoglu G., (2015). The Effect of Grain Direction on Lateral Nail Strength and Thermal Conductivity of Structural Plywood Panels, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 17(3), 469–478.
- Demirkir C., Colakoglu G. & Karacabeyli, E., (2012). Effect of Manufacturing Factors on Technological Properties of Plywood From Northern Turkey And Suitability of Panels for Use in Shear Walls. Journal of structural engineering, 139(12), 04013002.
- DIN/EN 204, (2001). Classification of Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives for Non-Structural Applications. German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung).
- Dugmore M., Nocetti M., Brunetti M., Naghizadeh Z. & Wessels, C. B., (2019). Bonding Quality of Cross-Laminated Timber: Evaluation of Test Methods on Eucalyptus Grandis Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 211, 217–227.
- EN 323, 1993: Wood-Based panels. Determination ofdensity. European Standards, Brussels.
- European Committee For Standardization, (2015). EN 16351: Timber structures-Cross laminated timber-Requirements, Brusssels, BEL.
- Fortune, A., & Quenneville, P., (2011). Feasibility Study of New Zealand Radiata Pine Cross-Laminated Timber, New Zealand Timber Design Journal, 19(3), 3–7.
- FPInnovations, CLT Handbook, FPInnovations, BC, (2013).
- FPInnovations, CLT Handbook: Cross-Laminated, FPInnovations, Quebec, Canada (2011).
- Gagnon, S., & Pirvu, C., (2011). Cross laminated timber (CLT) handbook. FPInnovations, Vancouver, Canada.
- Gardner C., Davids W.G., Lopez-Anido R., Herzog B., Edgar R., Nagy E., Berube K. & Shaler S,. (2020). The Effect of Edge Gaps on Shear Strength and Rolling Shear Modulus of Cross Laminated Timber Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119710.
- Gavric I., Fragiacomo M. & Cecotti A., (2015c). Cyclic Behaviour of CLT Wall Systems: Experimental Tests and Analytical Prediction Model. Journal of structural engineering, 141(11), 04015034.
- Hashemi A. & Quenneville P., (2020). Large-Scale Testing of Low Damage Rocking Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Wall Panels With Friction Damper, Engineering Structures, 206, 110166.
- Hashemi A., Bagheri H., Yousef-Beik S.M.M., Darani F.M., Valadbeigi A., Zarnani P. & Quenneville P., (2020). Enhanced Seismic Performance of Timber Structures Using Resilient Connections: Full-Scale Testing and Design Procedure. Journal of structural engineering, 146(9): 04020180.
- He M., Sun X. & Li Z. (2018). Bending and Compressive Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Made From Canadian Hemlock, Construction and Building Materials, 185.
- Hossain A., Danzig I. & Tannert T. (2016). Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Connections with Double-Angled Self-Tapping Screw Assemblies. Journal of structural engineering, 142(11), 04016099.
- Iqbaì A., (2015). Cross-laminated Timber for Building Structures, Branz Study Rep., SR336, 12.
- Izzi M., Casagrande D., Bezzi S., Pasca D., Follesa M. & Tomasi R., (2018). Seismic Behaviour of Cross Laminated Timber Structures: A state-of-the-art review. Engineering Structures, 170, 42–52.
- Kramer A., Barbosa A.R. & Sinha A., (2014). Viability of Hybrid Poplar in ANSI Approvedcross-Laminated Timber Applications, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(7), 06014009, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000936.
- Li J., Beall F. C. & Breiner T. A. (2007). Analysis of racking of Structural Assemblies Using Acoustic Emission, Advances in Acoustic Emission. AEWG, AE Group, (6) 202.
- Lu Z., Zhou H. Y. & Hu L. C., (2018). Effects of Surface Treatment and Adhesives on bond Performance and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Made From Small Diameter Eucalyptus Timber, Construction and Building Materials, 161, 9–15.
- Mohamadzadeh M. & Hindman D., (2015). Mechanical Performance of Yellow-Poplar Cross Laminated Timber. Rep. No. CE/VPI-ST-15-13, 44.
- Navaratnam S., Christopher P.B., Ngo T. & Le T.V., (2020). Bending and Shear Performance of Australian Radiata Pine Cross-Laminated Timber. Construction and Building Materials, 232, 117215.
- Okabe M., Yasumura M., Kobayashi K. & Fujita K., (2014). Prediction of Bending Stiffness and Moment Carrying Capacityof Sugi Cross-Laminated Timber, Journal of Wood Science, 60, 49-58.
- Pirvu C., (2008). Structural Performance of Wood Diaphragms with Thick Panels. Canadian Forest Service No. 13, Final report. FPInnovations Forintek, March.
- Scouse A., Kelley S.S., Liang S. & Bergman R., (2020). Regional and Net Economic Impacts of High-Rise Mass Timber Construction in Oregon. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102154.
- Shahnewaz M., Alam S. & Tannert T., (2018). Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls for Platform-Type Construction, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE ISSN, 0733-9445.
- Sikora K.S., McPolin D.O. & Harte A.M., (2016). Effects of the Thickness of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels made from Irish Sitka Spruce on Mechanical Performance in Bending and Shear, Construction and Building Materials, 116, 141–150.
- Song Y. J. & Hong S. I., (2018). Performance Evaluation of the Bending Strength of Larch Cross-Laminated Timber, Wood Res., 63, 105–116.
- Sotayo A., Bradley D.F., Bather M., Oudjene M., El-Houjeyri I. & Guan Z., (2020). Development and Structural Behaviour of Adhesive Free Laminated Timber Beams and Cross Laminated Panels, Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119821.
- Srivaro S., Tomad J., Shi J. & Cai J., (2020). Characterization of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Trunk’s Properties and Evaluation of its Suitability to be Used as Raw Material for Cross Laminated Timber Production, Construction and Building Materials, 254, 119291.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 2170081 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Aralık 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5 |
Cited By
Evaluation of Seismic Response of the Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Multi-Storey Residential Building Under the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes
Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (MBUD)
https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1338909
