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MODERNISING THE EU-TURKEY CUSTOMS UNION AS AN INTEREST-DRIVEN INITIATIVE

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 175 - 197, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771067

Öz

The customs union (CU) established in 1996 between the EU and Turkey has always been regarded by the Turkish side as the main device for eventually achieving full EU membership as envisaged by the Association Agreement of 1963. Currently, in the absence of a well-defined and strong membership prospect, continued structural deficiencies of the CU and global pressures force both parties to modernise the CU to meet their shared economic interests and high level of interdependence. This paper explains why and how the parties need to modernise the CU and discusses political difficulties before the modernisation process. The paper reveals that the parties’ preferences regarding modernisation and the specific parameters that negotiations may depend on are mainly generated by the domestic interests of societal actors.

Kaynakça

  • Arısan-Eralp, Nilgün,“The Unique Nature of Modernising the Customs Union” Turkish Policy Quarterly, 17, No: 2 (September 28, 2018), Accessed: May 2019, http://turkishpolicy.com/article/920/the-unique-nature-of-modernisingthe-customs-union
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem, Turkey and the EU: Perpetual Crisis or Restricted Cooperation? GMF Strengthening Transatlantic Cooperation, (June 16, 2017), Accessed: February 2018, http://www.gmfus.org/publications/turkey-and-euperpetual-crisis-or-restricted-cooperation
  • Binder, Krisztina, Reinvigorating EU-Turkey bilateral trade: Upgrading the customs union, Briefing, International Agreements in Progress, (Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, March 2017),
  • Accessed: January 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/599319/EPRS_BRI(2017)599319_EN.pdf
  • Can, Hacı and Çınar Özen, Türkiye-Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Hukuku (TurkeyEuropean Community Association Law), (Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi, 2005).
  • Dawar, Kamala and Sübidey Togan, Bringing EU-Turkey Trade and Investment Relations up to date? European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies, Policy Department, (Belgium, May 2016), Accessed: January 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/535014/EXPO_STU%282016%29535014_EN.pdf
  • European Commission, Inception Impact Assessment: Enhancement of EU-Turkey bilateral trade relations and modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, (Brussels, August 2015), Accessed: July 2018, http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/roadmaps/docs/2015_trade_035_turkey_en.pdf
  • European Commission, Study of the EU-Turkey Bilateral Preferential Trade Framework, Including the Customs Union, an Assessment of Its Possible Enhancement, Final Report, (Brussels, October 2016), Accessed: April 2017, http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/impact/ia_carried_out/docs/ia_2016/turkey_anx6_en.pdf
  • European Commission, Impact Assessment, Commission Staff Working Document SWD (2016) 475 final, (Brussels, December 21, 2016), Accessed: July 2017, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/january/tradoc_155238.pdf
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde, “Models of external differentiation in the EU’s neighbourhood: an expanding economic community?” Journal of European Public Policy, 22, No: 6 (2015): 854-870.
  • Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Turkey, Gümrük Birliği Güncellenmesi Etki Analizi Basın Bildirisi (Impact Assessment on the Upgrading of the Customs Union Press Release), (Ankara, January 18, 2017), Accessed: July 2017,
  • https://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/blog/newsDetailnews_id=EK235432&_afrLoop=24411758882176668&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=new&_adf.ctrl-state=80ahc5vbf_1#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnew%26_afrLoop%3D24411758882176668%26news_id%3DEK235432%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrlstat%3D80ahc5vbf_5
  • Moravcsik, Andrew, “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 31, No: 4 (1993): 473-524
  • Moravcsik, Andrew, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics”, International Organization, 51, No: 4 (1997): 513-553.
  • Moravcsik, Andrew and Frank Schimmelfennig, “Liberal Intergovernmentalism”, in European Integration Theory, eds. Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
  • Nas, Çiğdem, “Turkey-EU Customs Union: Its Modernisation and Potential for Turkey-EU Relations”, Insight Turkey, 20, No: 3 (2018): 43-60.
  • Official Journal of the EC, Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union (96/142/EC), L 035, (February 13, 1996), Accessed: February 2017, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:21996D0213(01):EN:HTML
  • Saatçioğlu, Beken, et al., The Future of EU-Turkey Relations: A Dynamic Association Framework amidst Conflictual Cooperation, Feuture Synthesis Paper, (March 2019), Accessed: April 2019, https://www.feuture.unikoeln.de/sites/monteus/user_upload/FEUTURE_Synthesis_Paper.pdf
  • Togan, Sübidey, Modernising the EU-Turkey customs union. The Forum, Economic Research Forum (ERF) Policy Portal, (March 6, 2018), Accessed: September 2018, https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2018/03/01/modernising-eu-turkey-customsunion/
  • Togan, Sübidey, “Trade Policy Alternatives for Turkey”, in Turkey in the North Atlantic Marketplace, eds. Daniel S. Hamilton, Aylin Ünver-Noi and Serdar Altay, (Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2018): 105-135.
  • Turhan, Ebru, Thinking out of the Accession Box: The Potential and Limitations of Internal and External Differentiated Integration between Turkey and the EU, CIFE Policy Paper (58), (Nice: CIFE, July 3, 2017).
  • TUSIAD, TUSIAD views on Turkey’s European Union integration process, (February 28, 2019), Accessed: April 2019, https://tusiad.org/en/pressreleases/item/10251-tusiad-views-on-turkey-s-european-union-integrationprocess
  • Ülgen, Sinan and Pelin Yenigün-Dilek, Gümrük Birliği’nde Yeni Dönem ve İş Dünyası (New Period in the Customs Union and the Business World), (Istanbul: TUSIAD, October 2015), Accessed: April 2017, file:///C:/Users/vista/Downloads/Gumruk-Birliginde-Yeni-Donem-ve-IsDunyasi_1.pdf
  • World Bank, Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, Report No. 85830-TR, (March 28, 2014), Accessed: August 2015, http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/turkey/tr-eucustoms-union-eng.pdf
  • Yalçın, Erdal, Rahel Aichele and Gabriel Felbermayr, Turkey’s EU Integration at a crossroads, (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, April 2016), Accessed: July 2017, https://www.bertelsmannstiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/NW_Policy_Brief_Turkey_s_EU_integration.pdf
  • Yılmaz, Kamil, TTIP and EU-Turkish Economic Relations: Deepening the Customs Union, Global Turkey in Europe (21), (Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali, March 2015): 6, Accessed: March 2017, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_pb_21.pdf

Çıkar Odaklı Bir İnisiyatif Olarak AB-Türkiye Gümrük Birliği’nin Modernizasyonu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 175 - 197, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771067

Öz

Türkiye ile AB arasında Ocak 1996’da kurulan Gümrük Birliği, 1963 Ortaklık Anlaşması’nın da öngördüğü üzere, Türkiye tarafından AB üyeliği için hep önemli bir araç olarak görülmüştür. Ancak uzun bir gümrük birliği ilişkisine rağmen üyeliğin orta vadede beklenmediği düşünüldüğünde, mevcut yapısal sorunları ve güncellenme ihtiyacı Gümrük Birliği’nin reformunu ortak ekonomik çıkarlara sahip ve yüksek derecede karşılıklı bağımlı taraflar için acil bir ihtiyaç haline getirmiştir. Nitekim taraflar Mayıs 2015’te Gümrük Birliği’nin modernisasyonu sürecini başlatmışlardır. Bu çalışma tarafların neden ve ne şekilde bu sürece angaje olduklarını açıklamayı hedeflemekte ve bu sürecin başarıya ulaşmasını zora sokan mevcut siyasi zorlukları tartışmaktadır. Çalışma, genelde Gümrük Birliği’nin modernisasyonu açısından, özelde de modernisasyon müzakerelerine konu olabilecek meseleler açısından tarafların tercihlerinin, Liberal Hükümetlerarası kuramın öne sürdüğü üzere, ağırlıklı olarak toplumsal aktörlerin çıkarlarının etkisi altında oluştuğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Arısan-Eralp, Nilgün,“The Unique Nature of Modernising the Customs Union” Turkish Policy Quarterly, 17, No: 2 (September 28, 2018), Accessed: May 2019, http://turkishpolicy.com/article/920/the-unique-nature-of-modernisingthe-customs-union
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem, Turkey and the EU: Perpetual Crisis or Restricted Cooperation? GMF Strengthening Transatlantic Cooperation, (June 16, 2017), Accessed: February 2018, http://www.gmfus.org/publications/turkey-and-euperpetual-crisis-or-restricted-cooperation
  • Binder, Krisztina, Reinvigorating EU-Turkey bilateral trade: Upgrading the customs union, Briefing, International Agreements in Progress, (Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, March 2017),
  • Accessed: January 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/599319/EPRS_BRI(2017)599319_EN.pdf
  • Can, Hacı and Çınar Özen, Türkiye-Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Hukuku (TurkeyEuropean Community Association Law), (Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi, 2005).
  • Dawar, Kamala and Sübidey Togan, Bringing EU-Turkey Trade and Investment Relations up to date? European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies, Policy Department, (Belgium, May 2016), Accessed: January 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/535014/EXPO_STU%282016%29535014_EN.pdf
  • European Commission, Inception Impact Assessment: Enhancement of EU-Turkey bilateral trade relations and modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, (Brussels, August 2015), Accessed: July 2018, http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/roadmaps/docs/2015_trade_035_turkey_en.pdf
  • European Commission, Study of the EU-Turkey Bilateral Preferential Trade Framework, Including the Customs Union, an Assessment of Its Possible Enhancement, Final Report, (Brussels, October 2016), Accessed: April 2017, http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/impact/ia_carried_out/docs/ia_2016/turkey_anx6_en.pdf
  • European Commission, Impact Assessment, Commission Staff Working Document SWD (2016) 475 final, (Brussels, December 21, 2016), Accessed: July 2017, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/january/tradoc_155238.pdf
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde, “Models of external differentiation in the EU’s neighbourhood: an expanding economic community?” Journal of European Public Policy, 22, No: 6 (2015): 854-870.
  • Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Turkey, Gümrük Birliği Güncellenmesi Etki Analizi Basın Bildirisi (Impact Assessment on the Upgrading of the Customs Union Press Release), (Ankara, January 18, 2017), Accessed: July 2017,
  • https://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/blog/newsDetailnews_id=EK235432&_afrLoop=24411758882176668&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=new&_adf.ctrl-state=80ahc5vbf_1#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnew%26_afrLoop%3D24411758882176668%26news_id%3DEK235432%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrlstat%3D80ahc5vbf_5
  • Moravcsik, Andrew, “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 31, No: 4 (1993): 473-524
  • Moravcsik, Andrew, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics”, International Organization, 51, No: 4 (1997): 513-553.
  • Moravcsik, Andrew and Frank Schimmelfennig, “Liberal Intergovernmentalism”, in European Integration Theory, eds. Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
  • Nas, Çiğdem, “Turkey-EU Customs Union: Its Modernisation and Potential for Turkey-EU Relations”, Insight Turkey, 20, No: 3 (2018): 43-60.
  • Official Journal of the EC, Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union (96/142/EC), L 035, (February 13, 1996), Accessed: February 2017, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:21996D0213(01):EN:HTML
  • Saatçioğlu, Beken, et al., The Future of EU-Turkey Relations: A Dynamic Association Framework amidst Conflictual Cooperation, Feuture Synthesis Paper, (March 2019), Accessed: April 2019, https://www.feuture.unikoeln.de/sites/monteus/user_upload/FEUTURE_Synthesis_Paper.pdf
  • Togan, Sübidey, Modernising the EU-Turkey customs union. The Forum, Economic Research Forum (ERF) Policy Portal, (March 6, 2018), Accessed: September 2018, https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2018/03/01/modernising-eu-turkey-customsunion/
  • Togan, Sübidey, “Trade Policy Alternatives for Turkey”, in Turkey in the North Atlantic Marketplace, eds. Daniel S. Hamilton, Aylin Ünver-Noi and Serdar Altay, (Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2018): 105-135.
  • Turhan, Ebru, Thinking out of the Accession Box: The Potential and Limitations of Internal and External Differentiated Integration between Turkey and the EU, CIFE Policy Paper (58), (Nice: CIFE, July 3, 2017).
  • TUSIAD, TUSIAD views on Turkey’s European Union integration process, (February 28, 2019), Accessed: April 2019, https://tusiad.org/en/pressreleases/item/10251-tusiad-views-on-turkey-s-european-union-integrationprocess
  • Ülgen, Sinan and Pelin Yenigün-Dilek, Gümrük Birliği’nde Yeni Dönem ve İş Dünyası (New Period in the Customs Union and the Business World), (Istanbul: TUSIAD, October 2015), Accessed: April 2017, file:///C:/Users/vista/Downloads/Gumruk-Birliginde-Yeni-Donem-ve-IsDunyasi_1.pdf
  • World Bank, Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, Report No. 85830-TR, (March 28, 2014), Accessed: August 2015, http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/turkey/tr-eucustoms-union-eng.pdf
  • Yalçın, Erdal, Rahel Aichele and Gabriel Felbermayr, Turkey’s EU Integration at a crossroads, (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, April 2016), Accessed: July 2017, https://www.bertelsmannstiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/NW_Policy_Brief_Turkey_s_EU_integration.pdf
  • Yılmaz, Kamil, TTIP and EU-Turkish Economic Relations: Deepening the Customs Union, Global Turkey in Europe (21), (Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali, March 2015): 6, Accessed: March 2017, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_pb_21.pdf
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yonca Özer Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1206-0126

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özer, Yonca. “MODERNISING THE EU-TURKEY CUSTOMS UNION AS AN INTEREST-DRIVEN INITIATIVE”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 19, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2020): 175-97. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771067.

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